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Application of Agricultural Waste-Based Catalysts to Transesterification of Esterified Palm Kernel Oil into Biodiesel: A Case of Banana Fruit Peel Versus Cocoa Pod Husk

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Abstract

This study aimed at modeling and optimizing the production of fatty acid methyl esters from esterified palm kernel oil using two heterogeneous biowaste catalysts namely calcined banana peel ash (CBPA) and calcined cocoa pod husk ash (CCPHA). The central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for investigating the individual and interactive effects of the process input variables (methanol/oil ratio, catalyst weight and reaction time) on the palm kernel oil methyl esters (PKOME) yield. The same optimal conditions (methanol/oil ratio 0.8 v/v, catalyst weight 4 wt% and reaction time 65 min) were predicted by RSM for the transesterification reaction catalyzed by CBPA and CCPHA at constant temperature of 65 °C. The observed PKOME yields under the optimal condition using the two catalysts were 99.5 and 99.3 wt% for CBPA and CCPHA, respectively. The developed quadratic models were appraised using different statistical indicators such as coefficient of determination (R2) and average absolute deviation (AAD). R2 of 0.9064 and 0.8245 and AAD of 0.5526 and 0.6901 computed for CBPA and CCPHA-catalyzed transesterification reactions, respectively, showed both models gave good predictions. In both cases, methanol/oil ratio was the most significant factor on the PKOME yield. The PKOME produced using the two catalysts satisfied both the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standard specifications. Both banana fruit peel and cocoa pod husk could adequately serve as low-cost feedstock for PKOME synthesis.

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Abbreviations

AAD:

Average absolute deviation

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

CBPA:

Calcined banana peel ash

CCD:

Central composite design

CCPHA:

Calcined cocoa pod husk ash

EPKO:

Esterified palm kernel oil

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl esters

HSC:

Heterogeneous solid catalyst

MSE:

Mean square error

MAE:

Mean absolute error

PKOME:

Palm kernel oil methyl esters

R :

Correlation coefficient

R 2 :

Coefficient of determination

RMSE:

Root mean square error

RSM:

Response surface methodology

SEP:

Standard error of prediction

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Acknowledgements

Authors gratefully acknowledged TV Ojumu for providing assistance in the development of the catalysts and B Oladipo for proofreading the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005, Osun State, Nigeria

    Victoria O. Odude, Ayo J. Adesina, Oluwaseyi O. Oyetunde, Omowumi O. Adeyemi, Niyi B. Ishola, Anietie Okon Etim & Eriola Betiku

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  1. Victoria O. Odude
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Correspondence to Eriola Betiku.

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Odude, V.O., Adesina, A.J., Oyetunde, O.O. et al. Application of Agricultural Waste-Based Catalysts to Transesterification of Esterified Palm Kernel Oil into Biodiesel: A Case of Banana Fruit Peel Versus Cocoa Pod Husk. Waste Biomass Valor 10, 877–888 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0152-2

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