Abstract
The main objective of the current study is to develop and assess the preliminary synthetic design steps of an innovative and unprecedented bioprocess plant converting Turkish hazelnut husk into lignocellulosic ethanol with an emphasis on economic evaluation. Valorization of this agricultural waste would provide a promising economic potential and long-term sustainability with acceptable environmental impact. Preliminary economic evaluations are performed on several scenarios where the effects of changing various process design and operational inputs such as designed plant capacity, evaporation unit operation efficiency, and biocatalyst and nitrogen source prices are simulated. The total capital investment for the base case scenario with an annual throughput of 180,000 metric tons (MT) hazelnut husk is just above USD 111 million. The annual operational costs for this case amount to USD 61 million. Assuming a sales price of USD 1.50 per kg of bioethanol (achieved via governmental subsidy and tax incentives) the return on investment of the project comes to 12.61% with a 8 year payback period. An uncertainty analysis performed on the annual hazelnut husk availability and biocatalyst and nitrogen source price fluctuations establishes a basis for further design of the process taking into account the risk factors associated with the project. The case studies and the uncertainty analysis confirm the fact that production of second generation bioethanol from hazelnut husk in Turkey is a worthwhile endeavor with an economic potential especially with additional social and environmental advantages.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajanovic, A.: Biofuels versus food production: does biofuels production increase food prices? Energy. 36, 2070–2076 (2011)
Fischer, G., Hizsynik, E., Prieler, S., Shah, M., van Velthuizen, H.: Biofuels, Security, Food. Vienna, OFID/IIASA, Stiepan Druck GmbH. http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/8969 (2009). Accessed 12 May 2017
Searle, S., Malins, C.: A reassessment of global bioenergy potential in 2050. GCB Bioenergy. 7, 328–336 (2015)
Guney, M.S.: Utilization of hazelnut husk as biomass. Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess. 4, 72–77 (2013)
OCEM: Hazelnut Production Statistics. Ordu Commodity Exchange Market. http://www.ordutb.org.tr/en/findik (2015). Accessed 12 May 2017
Ceylan, S., Topçu, Y.: Pyrolysis kinetics of hazelnut husk using thermogravimetric analysis. Bioresource. Technol. 156, 182–188 (2014)
De Franchi, M., Boubaker, K.: Valorization of hazelnut biomass framework in Turkey: support and model guidelines from the italian experience in the field of renewable energy. Int. J. Sustain. Energy Environ. Res. 3, 130–144 (2014)
Stévigny, C., Rolle, L., Valentini, N., Zeppa, G.: Optimization of extraction of phenolic content from hazelnut shell using response surface methodology. J. Sci. Food Agric. 87, 2817–2822 (2007)
Çimen, F., Ok, S.S., Kayran, C., Demirci, Ş., Özenç, D.B., Özenç, N.: Characterization of humic materials extracted from hazelnut husk and hazelnut husk amended soils. Biodegradation. 18, 295–301 (2007)
Brás, I., Figueirinha, A., Esteves, B., Cruz-Lopes, L.P.: Valorization of lignocellulosic wastes–evaluation of its toxicity when used in adsorption systems. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Environ. Chem. Ecol. Geol. Geophys. Eng. 8, 443–447 (2014)
Gnansounou, E., Dauriat, A.: Techno-economic analysis of lignocellulosic ethanol: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 4980–4991 (2010)
Larsen, J., Petersen, M.Ø., Thirup, L., Li, H.W., Iversen, F.K.: The IBUS process–lignocellulosic bioethanol close to a commercial reality. Chem. Eng. Technol. 31, 765–772 (2008)
Lee, S., Posarac, D., Ellis, N.: Process simulation and economic analysis of biodiesel production processes using fresh and waste vegetable oil and supercritical methanol. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 89, 2626–2642 (2011)
Morales-Rodriguez, R., Meyer, A.S., Gernaey, K.V., Sin, G.: Dynamic model-based evaluation of process configurations for integrated operation of hydrolysis and co-fermentation for bioethanol production from lignocellulose. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 1174–1184 (2011)
Prunescu, R.M., Sin, G.: Dynamic modeling and validation of a lignocellulosic enzymatic hydrolysis process—a demonstration scale study. Bioresour. Technol. 150, 393–403 (2013)
Sotoft, L.F., Rong, B.G., Christensen, K.V., Norddahl, B.: Process simulation and economical evaluation of enzymatic biodiesel production plant. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 5266–5274 (2010)
Yun, H., Wang, M., Feng, W., Tan, T.: Process simulation and energy optimization of the enzyme-catalyzed biodiesel production. Energy. 54, 84–96 (2013)
Barrera, I., Amezcua-Allieri, M.A., Estupiñan, L., Martínez, T., Aburto, J.: Technical and economical evaluation of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic residues in Mexico: case of sugarcane and blue agave bagasses. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 107, 91–101 (2016)
Brunet, R., Boer, D., Guillén-Gosálbez, G., Jiménez, L.: Reducing the cost, environmental impact and energy consumption of biofuel processes through heat integration. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 93, 203–212 (2015)
Ferrari, M.D., Guigou, M., Lareo, C.: Energy consumption evaluation of fuel bioethanol production from sweet potato. Bioresour. Technol. 136, 377–384 (2013)
Gunukula, S., Keeling, P.L., Anex, R.: Risk advantages of platform technologies for biorenewable chemical production. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 107, 24–33 (2016)
Mabrouki, J., Abbassi, M.A., Guedri, K., Omri, A., Jeguirim, M.: Simulation of biofuel production via fast pyrolysis of palm oil residues. Fuel. 159, 819–827 (2015)
Ramirez, E.C., Johnston, D.B., McAloon, A.J., Yee, W., Singh, V.: Engineering process and cost model for a conventional corn wet milling facility. Ind. Crops Prod. 27, 91–97 (2008)
Rouf, S., Douglas, P., Moo-Young, M., Scharer, J.: Computer simulation for large scale bioprocess design. Biochem. Eng. J. 8, 229–234 (2001)
Çöpür, Y., Güler, C., Akgül, M., Taşçıoğlu, C.: Some chemical properties of hazelnut husk and its suitability for particleboard production. Build. Environ. 47, 2568–2572 (2007)
Bondesson, P.M., Galbe, M., Zacchi, G.: Ethanol and biogas production after steam pretreatment of corn stover with or without the addition of sulphuric acid. Biotechnol. Biofuels. 6, 6–11 (2013)
Liu, Z.H., Chen, H.Z.: Xylose production from corn stover biomass by steam explosion combined with enzymatic digestibility. Bioresour. Technol. 193, 345–356 (2015)
Lima-Costa, M.E., Tavares, C., Raposo, S., Rodrigues, B., Peinado, J.M.: Kinetics of sugars consumption and ethanol inhibition in carob pulp fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in batch and fed-batch cultures. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39, 789–797 (2012)
Talebnia, F., Karakashev, D., Angelidaki, I.: Production of bioethanol from wheat straw: an overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 4744–4753 (2010)
Varga, E., Réczey, K., Zacchi, G.: Optimization of steam pretreatment of corn stover to enhance enzymatic digestibility. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 114, 509–523 (2004)
Diao, L., Liu, Y., Qian, F., Yang, J., Jiang, Y., Yang, S.: Construction of fast xylose-fermenting yeast based on industrial ethanol-producing diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae by rational design and adaptive evolution. BMC Biotecnol. 13(110), 1–9 (2013)
http://www.neo.ne.gov. Accessed 01 Aug 2017
http://www.thehindu.com. Accessed 01 Aug 2017
http://www.sra.gov.ph. Accessed 01 Aug 2017
http://www.dir.indiamarket.com. Accessed 01 Aug 2017
http://www.heyreport.com. Accessed 01 Aug 2017
http://www.alibaba.com. Accessed 01 Aug 2017
Peters, M.S., Timmerhaus, K.D., West, R.E.: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. McGraw Hill, New York (2004)
Özen, R., Sayar, N.A., Durmaz-Sam, S., Sayar, A.A.: A sigmoidal model for biosorption of heavy metal cations from aqueous media. Math. Biosci. 265, 40–46 (2015)
Miller, N., Christensen, A., Park, J.E., Baral, A., Malins, C., Searle, C.S.: Measuring and Addressing Investment Risk in the Second-Generation Biofuels Industry. International Council on Clean Transportation, Washington (2013)
EC: Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 5ii. Nanotechnologies, Advanced Materials, Biotechnology and Advanced Manufacturing and Processing. European Commission, Luxembourg (2015)
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Marmara University, Scientific Research Projects Committee (BAPKO) by the Project Number FEN-E-130313-0077.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sayar, N.A., Pinar, O., Kazan, D. et al. Bioethanol Production From Turkish Hazelnut Husk Process Design and Economic Evaluation. Waste Biomass Valor 10, 909–923 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0103-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0103-y