Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pulping and Bleaching of Hydro Distillation Waste of Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) for Papermaking

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Waste and Biomass Valorization Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

This investigation is aimed to explore the pulp and papermaking potential of solid residue left after isolation of essential oil from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt using hydro distillation, as well as to evaluate the physical strength properties of pulp and paper produced from it.

Methods

Soda, soda–AQ (soda–anthraquinone) and kraft pulping of oil isolated C. winterianus were optimized and the corresponding optimum unbleached pulp in each process was subjected to environment friendly ECF (elemental chlorine free) bleaching using D1EpD2 (D = chlorine dioxide in acidic medium; Ep = alkaline extraction with addition of hydrogen peroxide; 1 and 2 = first and second time) sequence. Fibre morphological investigation and fibre classification of bleached pulp from every optimized pulping process were also carried out. Hand sheets of bleached pulps were prepared to evaluate the physical strength properties. All the methods were followed as per standard procedures.

Results

The proximate chemical composition of oil isolated C. winterianus revealed 62.70% holocellulose, 37.62% alpha-cellulose, 21.10% pentosans and 24.10% lignin. Kraft pulping at 12% NaOH dose and 20% sulphidity produced unbleached pulp with kappa 18.72, yield 43.68%, brightness 21.36% and viscosity 32.6 cp; while bleached pulp with brightness 83.67% and viscosity 16.7 cp. However, hand sheets prepared from soda–AQ pulping exhibited tensile index 31.5 N m/g, tear index 5.02 m Nm2/g and burst index 2.20 kPam2/g which were superior to kraft pulping. Soda pulp demonstrated inferiority in quality to kraft and soda–AQ pulps. No significant differences were observed in fibre morphology of pulps from different processes while fibre classification revealed maximum useful bleached fibres 55.9% from kraft pulping.

Conclusions

This research proved that C. winterianus solid residue left after isolation of essential oil could be a substantial source for pulp and papermaking using conventional pulping processes and ECF bleaching sequence at process conditions described in this work.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Rodríguez, A., Moral, A., Serrano, L., Labidi, J., Jiménez, L.: Rice straw pulp obtained by using various methods. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 2881–2886 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Worland, J.: Here’s how many trees humans cut down each year. time.com/4019277/trees-humans-deforestation/ (2015). Accessed 23 Aug 2016

  3. Kamoga, O.L.M., Kirabira, J.B., Byaruhanga, J.K.: The potential of Cymbopogon nardus in the production of pulp for paper industry. International Conference on Computing, Mechanical and Electronics Engineering, Singapore, 9–10, July 2015

  4. Rao, B.R.R: Biomass yield and essential oil yield variations in Java Citronella (Cymbopogan winteranius Jowitt.), intercropped with food legumes and vegetables. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 185, 99–103 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kakaraparthi, P.S., Srinivas, K.V.N.S., Kumar, J.K., Kumara, A.N., Rajput, D.K., Sarma, V.U.M.: Variation in the essential oil content and composition of Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.) in relation to time of harvest and weather conditions. Ind. Crop. Prod. 61, 240–248 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Kaur, H., Dutt, D., Tyagi, C.H.: Optimization of soda pulping process of lignocellulosic residues of Lemon and Sofia grasses produced after steam distillation. Bioresources 6, 103–120 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Deka, H., Deka, S., Baruah, C.K., Das, J., Hoque, S., Sarma, N.S.: Vermicomposting of distillation waste of Citronella plant (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.) employing Eudrilus eugeniae. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 6944–6950 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Blank, A.F., Costa, A.G., Blank, M.F. A., Cavalcanti, S.C.H., Alves, P.B., Innecco, R., Ehlert, P.A.D., Sousa, I.F.: Influence of season, harvest time and drying on Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) volatile oil. Braz. J. Pharmacog. 17, 557–564 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kaur, H., Dutt, D.: Anatomical, morphological and chemical characterization of lignocellulosic by-products of Lemon and Sofia grasses obtained after recuperation of essential oils by steam distillation. Cellul. Chem. Technol. 47, 83–94 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dutt, D., Garg, A.P., Tyagi, C.H., Upadhyay, A.K.: Bio-alkaper and peroxide-alkali delihnification of solid waste of Cymbopogon martini with Phanerochaeta chrysosporium. Indian J. Chem. Tech. 14, 229–239 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Anupam, K., Lal, P.S., Bist, V., Sharma, A.K., Swaroop, V.: Raw material selection for pulping and papermaking using TOPSIS multiple criteria decision making design. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy. 33, 1034–1041 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Anupam, K., Swaroop, V., Sharma, A.K., Lal, P.S., Bist, V.: Sustainable raw material selection for pulp and paper using SAW multiple criteria decision making design. IPPTA J. 1, 67–76 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Katiyar, R., Gupta, S., Yadav K.R.: Cymbopogon winterianus: An important species for essential java citronella oil and medicinal value. Proceeding of National Conference on Forest Biodiversity : Earth’s Living Treasure 115–118 (2011)

  14. Wise, L.E., Murphy, M., D’Addieco, A.A.: Chlorite holocellulose, its fraction and bearing on summative wood analysis and studies on the hemicelluloses. Pap. Trade J. 22, 34–44 (1946)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gominho, J., Lourenco, A., Curt, M., Ferna’ndez, J., Pereira, H.: Characterization of hairs and pappi from Cynara cardunculus capitula and their suitability for paper production. Ind. Crops Prod. 29, 116–125 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ferhi, F., Satyajit, D., Elaloui, E., Moussaoui, Y., Yanez, J.G.: Chemical characterisation and suitability for papermaking applications studied on four species naturally growing in Tunisia. Ind. Crops Prod. 61, 180–185 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bhardwaj, N.K., Goyal, S.K., Gupta, A., Upadhyaya, J.S., Ray, A.K.: Soda and Soda-anthraquinone pulping of rice straw. APPITA J. 58, 180–185 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dutt, D., Upadhyaya, J.S.: Studies on alkoxygen and alkoxygen anthraquinone delignification of Ipomea-carnea. Res. Ind. 39, 202–208 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Rolf, B., Christina, J., Lars-Åke, L., Yngve, L.: Non-wood pulping technology present status and future. IPPTA J. 21, 115–120 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Sharma, A.K., Anupam, K., Swaroop, V., Lal, P.S., Bist, V.: Pilot scale soda-anthraquinone pulping of palm oil empty fruit bunches and elemental chlorine free bleaching of resulting pulp. J. Clean. Prod. 106, 422–429 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. http://www.dcpulppaper.org/gifs/report28.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2016

  22. Wang, H.H.: Cellulose and pulp. In: Owens, J.N., Lund, H.G. (eds.) Forests and forest plants-Volume II, pp. 158–178. Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems Publishers, United Kingdom (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kamoga, O.L.M., Kirabira, J.B., Byaruhanga, J.K., Godiyal, R.D., Anupam, K.: Characterisation and evaluation of pulp and paper from selected Ugandan grasses for paper industry. Cellul. Chem. Technol. 50, 275–284 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  24. http://www.dcpulppaper.org/gifs/report24.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2016

  25. Ramazani, O., Latibari, A.J., Faezipour, M., Enayati, A.A., Alajdad, M.S.M.M.: Investigation on the influence of paper making variables on apparent density of paper produced from old corrugated container Iran. J. Wood Pap. Sci. Res. 22, 1–17 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  26. https://research.cnr.ncsu.edu/wpsanalytical/documents/56Tensile.doc. Accessed 15 May 2016

  27. https://research.cnr.ncsu.edu/wpsanalytical/documents/55Tearing.doc. Accessed 15 May 2016

  28. Hassan, N.H.M., Muhammed, S., Ibrahim, R.: Effect of soda-anthraquinone pulping conditions and beating revolution on the mechanical properties of paper made from Gigantochloa scortechinii (Semantan Bamboo). Malays. J. Anal. Sci. 17, 75–84 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  29. http://billerudkorsnas.se/Documents/49711130_handbok_E2_2_120425.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2016

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Nirpendra Chauhan, Scientist-In-Charge, Centre for Aromatic Plants, Industrial Estate, Selaqui 248197, Dehradun, India for arranging hydro distillation waste of C. winterianus Jowitt. We also thank Dr. Priti Shivhare Lal-Scientist EI, Dr. Sanjay Tyagi-Scientist C, Dr. Arvind Kumar Sharma-Sr. Scientific Assistant and Mr. Vinay Swaroop-Junior Research Fellow at Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Himmat Nagar, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India for their valuable insight and support during execution of this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era University, Clement Town, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India

    Nidhi Sharma &  Bhawana

  2. Paper Testing Division, Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Himmat Nagar, Saharanpur, 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Nidhi Sharma, R. D. Godiyal & B. P. Thapliyal

  3. Physical Chemistry, Pulping and Bleaching Division, Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Himmat Nagar, Saharanpur, 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Kumar Anupam

Authors
  1. Nidhi Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. D. Godiyal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bhawana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. P. Thapliyal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kumar Anupam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kumar Anupam.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharma, N., Godiyal, R.D., Bhawana et al. Pulping and Bleaching of Hydro Distillation Waste of Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) for Papermaking. Waste Biomass Valor 9, 409–419 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9791-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9791-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation