Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

New Experimental Rotary Dryer of Olive Stone: Design, Control and Modeling

  • Short Communication
  • Published:
Waste and Biomass Valorization Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Drying is the most important process to treat olive oil mill wastes. Olive stone is a by-product obtained in the olive oil extraction process. Crushed olive stone is separated from olive oil mill waste in the olive oil mills by means of mechanical procedures. Olive stone is mainly used as a biomass product for generating thermal energy for space heating in commercial buildings, residences and homes. Olive stone moisture content ranges from 20 to 30% (wet basis). Drying of olive stone is fundamental for its revaluation as biofuel, and the vast majority of this by-product is dried in rotary dryers. To improve the drying efficiency of olive stone in these dryers, we have designed and modeled an experimental rotary dryer that is intended to solve the heat and mass transfer equation in the sectioned models, both in a steady-state model and transient model, and to contribute to the development of a control system that is much more perfect.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Abbreviations

\( A_{j} \) :

Effective cross section of the trommel (m2)

\( c_{p} \) :

Specific heat capacity at constant pressure (kJ kg−1 K−1)

\( D \) :

Trommel diameter (m)

\( F \) :

Solid mass flow per unit section (kg h−1 m−2)

\( G \) :

Gas flow per unit section (kg h−1 m−2)

\( H \) :

Moisture content in the solid (wet basis)

\( H^{*} \) :

Dryer holdup (%)

\( j \) :

Percentage of the dryer cross section represents a free area for the air to pass (%)

\( K \) :

Empirical constant for calculation volumetric heat transfer coefficient

\( L \) :

Trommel length (m)

\( LMTD \) :

Log mean temperature difference (K)

\( \dot{m} \) :

Flow rate (kg h−1)

\( n \) :

Empirical constant for calculation volumetric heat transfer coefficient

\( N \) :

Trommel speed (rpm)

\( \dot{Q} \) :

Total heat flux transferred (W)

\( \dot{Q}_{H} \) :

Heat flux which raises the temperature in the gas (W)

\( \dot{Q}_{L} \) :

Heat flux which raises liquid phase temperature in the product (W)

\( \dot{Q}_{s} \) :

Heat flux which raises the product temperature (W)

\( \dot{Q}_{v} \) :

Heat flux which evaporates a liquid portion in the product (W)

\( S \) :

Trommel slope

\( T \) :

Temperature (°C, K)

\( u_{P} \) :

Permissible air mass velocity (kg s−1 m−2)

\( U \) :

Volumetric heat transfer coefficient (Btu h−1 ft−3 K−1, kW m−3 K−1)

\( v \) :

Drying air velocity (m s−1)

\( V \) :

Volume (m3)

\( X \) :

Moisture content in the solid (dry basis)

\( Y \) :

Humidity of the air (dry basis)

\( \gamma \) :

Heat loss factor

\( \eta \) :

Thermal performance (%)

\( \lambda \) :

Latent heat of vaporization of water (kJ kg−1)

\( \rho \) :

Density (kg m−3)

\( \tau \) :

Residence time (minutes)

0:

Ambient

ds :

Dry solid

ev :

Evaporated

in :

Inlet

loss :

Loss in rotary dryer

out :

Outlet

s :

Solid

v :

Vapor

w :

Water

References

  1. Gómez-de la Cruz, F.J., Casanova-Peláez, P.J., López-García, R., Cruz-Peragón, F.: Review of the drying kinetics of olive oil mill wastes: biomass recovery. BioResources 10, 6055–6080 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Pattara, C., Cappelletti, G.M., Cichelli, A.: Recovery and use of olive stones: commodity, environmental and economic assessment. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14, 1484–1489 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Agencia Andaluza de la Energía (AAE).: La biomasa en Andalucía. Online www.agenciaandaluzadelaenergia.es/sites/default/files/3_2_0161_15_la_biomasa_en_andalucia_octubre_2015.pdf. (last consulted on 10.12.2015)

  4. Cruz-Peragón, F., Palomar, J.M., Ortega, A.: Integral energy cycle for the olive oil sector in the province of Jaén. Grasas Aceites 57, 219–228 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Rodríguez, G., Lama, A., Rodríguez, R., Jiménez, A., Guillén, R., Fernández-Bolaños, J.: Olive stone an attractive source of bioactive and valuable compounds. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 5261–5269 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Mata-Sánchez, J., Pérez-Jiménez, J.A., Díaz-Villanueva, M.J., Serrano, A., Núñez-Sánchez, N., López-Giménez, F.J.: Statistical evaluation of quality parameters of olive stone to predict its heating value. Fuel 113, 750–756 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Gómez-de la Cruz, F.J., Casanova-Peláez, P.J., Palomar-Carnicero, J.M., Cruz-Peragón, F.: Drying kinetics of olive stone: a valuable source of biomass obtained in the olive oil extraction. Energy 75, 146–152 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Gómez-de la Cruz, F.J., Palomar-Carnicero, J.M., Casanova-Peláez, P.J., Cruz-Peragón, F.: Experimental determination of effective moisture diffusivity during the drying of clean olive stone: dependence of temperature, moisture content and sample thickness. Fuel Process. Technol. 137, 320–326 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gómez-de la Cruz, F.J., Casanova-Peláez, P.J., Palomar-Carnicero, J.M., Cruz-Peragón, F.: Modeling of olive-oil mill waste rotary dryers: green energy recovery systems. Appl. Therm. Eng. 80, 362–373 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Perry, R.H., Green, D.W.: Perry’s chemical engineers’s handbook. McGraw Hill, New York (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mujumdar, A.S.: Handbook of industrial drying. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Lopez, F.J., Pinzi, S., Ruiz, J.J., Lopez, A., Dorado, M.P.: Economic viability of the use of olive tree pruning as fuel for heating systems in public institutions in South Spain. Fuel 89, 1386–1391 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Casanova-Peláez, P.J., Cruz-Peragón, F., Palomar-Carnicero, J.M., Dorado, R., López-García, R.: RBF–ARX model of an industrial furnace for drying olive pomace. Energy Convers. Manag. 64, 106–112 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Arjona, R., Ollero, P., Vidal, F.B.: Automation of an olive waste industrial rotary dryer. J. Food Eng. 68, 239–247 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work has been conducted with the financial support of the Spanish “Consejería Andaluza de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa” through the research projects AGR-6131 (“Modelado y Control de secadero rotativo de orujo”) and AGR-6509 (“Producción de biocombustible utilizando hueso de aceituna y residuos de poda de olivo”) as part of the research program “Proyectos de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucía 2010–2014”. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Jaén, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain

    Francisco J. Gómez-de la Cruz, Fernando Cruz-Peragón & José M. Palomar-Carnicero

  2. Department of Electronic Engineering and Automatics, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Jaén, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain

    Pedro J. Casanova-Peláez

Authors
  1. Francisco J. Gómez-de la Cruz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pedro J. Casanova-Peláez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fernando Cruz-Peragón
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. José M. Palomar-Carnicero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francisco J. Gómez-de la Cruz.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gómez-de la Cruz, F.J., Casanova-Peláez, P.J., Cruz-Peragón, F. et al. New Experimental Rotary Dryer of Olive Stone: Design, Control and Modeling. Waste Biomass Valor 9, 443–449 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9777-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9777-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation