Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Petrogenesis of Late Cretaceous Volcanism in Kazhaba Area and its relationship with mantle plume activity of Reunion hotspot

  • Petrology and Petrogeochemistry
  • Published:
Journal of Earth Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Basaltic pillow lavas near the Kazhaba village in Balochistan are found in the tectonic slivers of the Bagh complex: the melange zone beneath the Muslim Bagh ophiolite complex. These vol-canics are mainly represented by alkali basalts. The petrography and chemistry suggest that these volcanic rocks belong to mildly to strongly alkaline, intra-plate volcanic rock series. Their low Mg# and low Cr, Ni and Co contents suggest that the parent magma of these volcanics was not directly derived from a partially melted mantle source, but resulted fractionation in an upper level magma chamber, en-route to eruption. Their LILE and HFSE, enriched primordial mantle-normalized patterns with marked positive Nb anomalies further confirm their within-plate geochemical signatures and are consistent with an enriched mantle source. Their highly enriched LREE patterns and high (La/Yb)N and (Ce/Yb)N ratios suggest a partially melted garnet-lherzolite parent magma source. The Zr versus Zr/Y studies suggest that these volcanics were derived from about 15% partially melted enriched mantle source. It is suggested that these Late Cretaceous intra-plate volcanics may represent the mantle plume activity of the Reunion hotspot, and were erupted during the passage of Ceno-Tethys Ocean floor prior to the passage of Indian Plate over it.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References Cited

  • Baker, B. H., 1987. Outline of the Petrology of the Kenya Rift Alkaline Province. In: Fitten, J. G. and Upton, B. G. J. eds., Alkaline Igneous Rocks, Balckwell, Oxford. 30(1): 293–312. doi: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1987.030.01.14

    Google Scholar 

  • Backmann, J., Duncan, R. A., 1989. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 115 Initial Reports. 1085

    Google Scholar 

  • Basaltic Volcanism Study Project 1981. Basaltic Volcanism on the Terrestrial Planets. New York: Pergamon Press. 1286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulin, J., 1990. Neocimmerian Events in Central and Western Afghanistan. Tectonophysics, 175(4): 285–315. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90177-a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brookfield, M. E., 1993. The Himalayan Passive Margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous Times. Sedimentary Geology, 84(1–4): 1–35. doi: 10.1016/0037-0738(93)90042-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caroff, M., Maury, R. C., Guille, G., Cotten, J., 1997. Partial Melting below Tubuai (Austral Islands, French Polynesia). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 127(4): 369–382.doi: 10.1007/s004100050286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J. J., Fu, L. B., Wei, J. H., et al., 2016. Geochemical Characteristics of Late Ordovician Granodiorite in Gouli Area, Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt, Qinghai Province: Implications on the Evolution of Proto-Tethys Ocean. Earth Science, 41(11): 1863–1882

    Google Scholar 

  • Deitz R. S., Holden J. C., 1970, The Breakup of Pangaea. Scientific American 223: 30–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, R. A., Pyle, D. G., 1988. Rapid Eruption of Deccan Flood Basalt at the Cretaceous/Tertary Boundary. Nature, 333(6176): 841–843. doi: 10.1038/333841a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. F., Bird, J. M., 1970. Mountain Belts and the New Global Tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75(14): 2625–2647.doi: 10.1029/jb075i014p02625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, M. R., Upton, B. G. J. Ford, C.E., 1988. Geochemical and Experimental Study of the Genesis of Magmas of Reunion Island, Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93(B5): 4933–4950. doi: 10.1029/jb093ib05p04933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, P. A. and Winchester, J. A., 1975. Magma Types and Tectonic Setting Discrimination Using Immobile Elements. Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 27(2): 211–218.doi: 10.1016/0012-821x(75)90031-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, P. A., 1991. Oceanic Islands and Seamounts. In: Foyd, P. A. ed., Blackie, Glasgow and London. 455

  • Frey, F. A., Green, D. H. Roy, S. D., 1978. Integrated Model for Basalt Petrogenesis: A Study of Quartz Tholeiites to Olivine Melilite from Southeastern Australia, Utilizing Geochemical and Experimental Petrological Data. Journal of Petrolology, 19(3): 463–513. doi: 10.1093/petrology/19.3.463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fyfe, W. S., 1976. Hydrosphere and Continental Crust. Geoscience, 3(2): 255–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Gansser, A., 1979. Reconnaissance Visit to the Ophiolites in Baluchistan. In: Farah, A., DeJong, K. A. eds., Geodynamics of Pakistan. 193–213

  • Gill, J. B., 1981, Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics: Springer, Berlin, 189.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Govindaraju, K., 1989. Working Group on Analytical Standards of Minerals, Ores and Rocks. Geostandards Newsletter, Special Issue, France, 114

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. H., 1973. Experimental Studies on a Modal Upper Mantle Composition at High Pressure under Water Saturated and Water Undersaturated Condtions. Canadian Mineralogist, 19(1): 37–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, G. N. and Langmuir, C. H., 1978. Modelling of Major Elements in Mantle-Melts Systems Using Trace Element Approaches. Geochimca et Cosmochem Acta, 42(6): 725–742. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90090-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphris, S. E., Thompson, G., Schilling, J. G. et al., 1985, Petrological and Geochemical Variation along the Mid Atlantic Ridge between 46º S and 32º S: Influence of Tristen da Cunha Mantle Plume. Geochem. Acta, 49(6): 1445–1464. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90294-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, W., McCormick, G. R. Reagen, M. K., 1999, Parh Group Basalts of Northeastern Balochistan, Pakistan: Precursors to the Deccan Traps. Special Paper–Geological Society of America, 2(9): 1916–1923

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, K., Mengal, J. M., Siddiqui, M. R.H., et al., 1993. Geology of the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite and Associated Bagh Complex in Northwestern Balochistan, Pakistan. Proceedings of Geoscience Colloquium. 5: 36

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, S., Naka, T., Kimura, K., et al., 1993. Mesozoic Radiolarians from the Bagh Complex in the Muslim Bagh Area Pakistan: Their Significance in Reconstructing the Geologic History of Ophiolites along the Neo Tethys Suture Zone. Bulletin Geological Survey of Japan, 45(2): 63–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Bas, M. J., Le Maitre, R. W., Streckeisen, A. and Zanettin, B., 1986. A Chemical Classification of Volcanic Rocks Based on the Total Alkali Silica Diagram. Journal of Petrology, 27(3): 745–750.doi: 10.1093/petrology/27.3.745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Maitre, R. W., Bateman, P., Dudek, A., et al., 1989. A Classification of Igneous Rocks and Glossary of Terms. In: Le Maitre, R. W., ed., Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommissionon the Systematics of Igneous Rocks: Blackwell Sciety. Publication. 193

    Google Scholar 

  • Luhr, J. F., Aranda–Gómez, J. J., Housh, T.B., 1995. San Quintín Volcanic Field, Baja California Norte, México: Geology, Petrology, and Geochemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 100(B6): 10353–10380. doi: 10.1029/95jb00037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • California Norte, México. Geology, Petrology and Geochemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(B7): 10353–10380

  • McCormick, G. R., 1985. Preliminary Study of the Volcanic Rocks of the South Tethyan, Suture in Baluchistan, Pakistan. Acta Mineralogica, 1: 1–29

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, G. R., 1991. Origin of Volcanics in the Tethyan Zone of Pakistan. In: Peters, T. J., Niwlas, A., Coleman, R. G., et al., eds., Ophiolite Genesis and Evolution of the Oceanic Lithosphere. Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals Sultanate of Oman, Muscat 715–722

    Google Scholar 

  • Mengal, J. M. Siddiqui, R. H., 1993. Geological Map of Bagh Quadrangle, Killa Safullah District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Geol, Survey of Pakistan Map Series.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melson, W. T., Thompson, G. Van Andel, T. H., 1968. Volcanism and Metamorphism in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 22° N Latitude. Journal of Geophysical Research, 73(18): 5925–5941. doi: 10.1029/jb073i018p05925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meschede, M., 1986. A Method of Discriminating between Different Types of Mid–Oceanic Ridge Basalts and Continental Tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y Diagram. Chemical Geology, 56(3): 207–218.doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(86)90004-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalfe, I., 1995. Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion. Journal of Geology, B: 223–266.doi: 10.1016/s0899-5362(99)90074-x

    Google Scholar 

  • Naka, T., Kimura, K., Mengal J. M., Siddiqui, R. H., Kojima, S., Sawada, Y., 1996, Mesozoic Sedimentary–Igneous Complex, Bagh Complex in Muslim Bagh Area, Pakistan. Proceedings of Geoscience Colloquium. 16: 47–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Otsuki, K., Anwar, M., Mengal, J. M., et al., 1989. Breakup of Gondwanaland and Emplacement of Ophiolite Complex in Muslim Bagh Area Balochistan, Pakistan. Hiroshima University Special. Publication. 33–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, J. A. Cann, J. R., 1973. Tectonic Setting of Basic Volcanic Rocks Determined Using Trace Elements Analysis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19(2): 290–300. doi: 10.1016/0012-821x(73)90129-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, J. A., Norry, M., 1979. Petrogenetic Implications of Ti, Zr, Y and Nb Variation in Volcanic Rocks. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69(1): 33–47. doi: 10.1007/bf00375192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, J. A., 1982. Trace Elements Characteristics of Lavas from Destructive Plate Boundaries. In: Throp, R. S., ed., Andesites: Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 525–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, J. A., 1983. The Role of Subcontinental Lithosphere in the Magma Genesis at Destructive Plate Margin, In: Hawkesworth, C. J., Norry, M. J. eds., Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths. Natwich Shiva, 230–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Perfit, M. R., Gust, D. A., Bence, A. E., et al., 1980. Chemical Characteristics of Island Arc Basalts: Implications for Mantle Sources. Chemical Geology, 30(3): 227–256. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(80)90107-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price, R, C., Johnson, R. W., Gray, C. M., et al., 1985. Geochemistry of Phonolites and Trachytes from the Summit Region of Mt. Kenya. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 89(4): 394–409. doi: 10.1007/bf00381560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, A. D. Tarney, J., 1991. Back-Arc Basins. In: Floyd. P.A. ed., Oceanic Basalts, Blackie, London. 219–263

  • Schawarzer, R. R. Roger, J. J. W., 1974. A Worldwide Comparison of Alkaline-Olivine Basalt and Their Differentiation Trends. Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 23(3): 286–296. doi: 10.1016/0012-821x(74)90117-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawada, Y., Nagao, K., Siddiqui, R.H. et al., 1995. K-Ar Ages of Mesozoic Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks from the Muslim Bagh Area, Pakistan. Proc.Geosc. Coll. 12: 73–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Sengör, A. M. C., Altinar, D., Cin, A., et al., 1988. Origin and Assembly of Tethyside Orogenic Collage at the Expence of Gondwanaland, 37(1): 119–181. doi: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1988.037.01.09

    Google Scholar 

  • Shervais, J. W., 1982. Ti Versus V Plots and the Petogenesis of Modern and Ophiolitic Lavas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 59(1): 101–108. doi: 10.1016/0012-821x(82)90120-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, R. H., Brohi, I. A. Haidar, N. 2010. Geochemistry, Petrogenesis and Crustal Contamination of Hotspot Related Volcanism on the North Western Margin of Indian Plate. Sindh University Research Journal, 42(2): 15–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, R.H., Mengal, J. M., Hoshino, K., et al., 2011, Back-Arc Basin Signatures from the Sheeted Dykes of Muslim Bagh Ophiolite Complex, Balochistan, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal, 43(1): 51–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, R. H., Jan, M. Q., Kakar M. I., et al., 2017. Petrogenesis of Middle Triassic Volcaniclastic Rocks from Balochistan, Pakistan: Implications for the Break-Up of Gondwanaland. Journal of Earth Science, 28(2): 218–228. doi: 10.1007/s12583-016-0911-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, A. K. Mishra, M., 1992. Plume Activity and Seamounts in Neo-Tethys: Evidence Supported by Geochemical and Geochronological Data. Jour. Hima. Geol. 3(1): 91–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocklin, J., 1989. Tethys Evolution in the Afghanistan-Pamir-Pakistan Region. In: Sengör, ed., Tectonic Evolution of Tethys Region. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 241–264

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, S. S. McDonough, W. F., 1989. Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Ocean Basalt, Implication for Mantle Composition and Processes. In: Saunders, A. D., Tarny, M. J., eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Pub., 42: 313–345. doi: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.042.01.19

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatsumi, Y. Eggins, S., 1995. Subduction Zone Magmatism. Blackwell Science, Oxford, England. 211

    Google Scholar 

  • Veevers, J. J., 1995. Emergent Long Lived Gondwanaland Vs, Submergent, Short Lived Laurasia: Supercontinentaland Pan-African Heat Imparts Long-Term Buoyancy by Mafic under Plating. Geology, 23(12): 1133–1138. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1131:ellgvs>2.3.co;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, B. L., Tarney, J., Windley, B., 1981. Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of the Fiskenaesset Anorthosite Complex Southern West Greenland: Nature of the Parent Magma. Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 45(5): 711–725. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90044-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, B.L., Wood, D. A., Tarney, J. et al., 1987. Geochemistry of Ocean Island Basalt from the South Atlantic, Ascension, Bouvet, St. Helena, Gongh and Tristen da Cunha. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Pub., 568: 253–268. doi: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1987.030.01.11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitemarsh, R. B., 1974. Summary of General Features of Arabian Sea and Red Sea Cenozoic History. Based on Leg 23 Cores. Init. Rep. DSDP, 23: 115–1123

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, J. F. G., Le Maitre, R. W., 1987. Upper Mantle Amphiboles and Micas and TiO2, K2O and P2O5 Abundances and 100×Mg/(Mg+Fe+2) Ratios of Common Basalts and Undeleted Mantle Compositions. Journal of Petrology, 28(1): 37–73. doi: 10.1093/petrology/28.1.37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M., 1989. Igneous Petrogenesis. Unwin and Hyman, London, 466.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Winchester, J. A., Floyd, P. A., 1977. Geochemical Discrimination of Different Magma Series and Their Differentiation Products Using Immobile Elements. Chemical Geology, 20(C): 325–343. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman, H., Torii, M., 1999. Paleomagnetic Study of Cretaceous Red Beds from the Eastern Hindukush Ranges, Northern Pakistan, Paleoarc Construction of the Kohistan-Karakoram Composite Unit before the India-Asia Collision. Geophysical Journal International, 136(3): 719–738. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00757.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to S. Hassan Gauhar, Former Director General, Geological Survey of Pakistan, for the arrangement of funds for field and laboratory research. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0758-0

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Science, Quetta, 87650, Pakistan

    Rehanul Haq Siddiqui

  2. School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Rehanul Haq Siddiqui & Changqian Ma

Authors
  1. Rehanul Haq Siddiqui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Changqian Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Changqian Ma.

Additional information

Rehanul Haq Siddiqui: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7710-0999

Changqian Ma: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1778-0547

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Siddiqui, R.H., Ma, C. Petrogenesis of Late Cretaceous Volcanism in Kazhaba Area and its relationship with mantle plume activity of Reunion hotspot. J. Earth Sci. 28, 229–240 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0758-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0758-0

Key Words

Search

Navigation