Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The HIV and urban food security nexus in Africa

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Food Security Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The relationship between HIV and food security has been characterized by a tendency to view both as primarily rural phenomena. The urban literature, in turn, has been dominated by a biomedical focus on the nutritional implications of HIV infection on people living with HIV (PLHIV). Recently, attention has turned to related issues such as the value of nutrition supplementation, the nutritional implications of anti-retroviral therapy and the impact on both of rising food prices. This paper argues that the focus on rural food insecurity, the individual PLHIV and the nutritional aspects of food security, while valuable and necessary, are limiting our ability to understand the social and economic relationships that are central to the HIV-food security nexus in urban contexts. Rapid urbanization makes food security in the urban context a complex issue with a number of different and overlapping dimensions. Understanding the reciprocal relationship between HIV and urban food security requires a new social framework which incorporates, but is not constrained by, a focus on the nutritional impacts of the epidemic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anabwani, G., & Navariob, P. (2005). Nutrition and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview. Nutrition, 21(1), 96–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anema, A., Vogenthaler, N., Frongillo, E., Kadiyala, S., & Weiser, S. (2009). Food insecurity and HIV/AIDS: current knowledge, gaps, and research priorities. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 6(4), 224–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Annan, R. (2009). The impact of different dietary patterns on nutritional status and metabolic integrity in asymptomatic people living with HIV infection in South Africa. Ph. D. University of Southampton.

  • Ansell, N., Robson, E., Hajdu, F., van Blerk, L., & Chipeta, L. (2009). The new variant famine hypothesis: moving beyond the household in exploring links between AIDS and food insecurity in Southern Africa. Progress in Development Studies, 9(3), 87–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, D., Mushaandja, J., & Pomuti, A. (2009). The inter-relationships and linkages among migration, food security and HIV/AIDS in Windhoek, Namibia. Windhoek: University Central Consulting Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banati, P. (2010). Risk amplification: HIV in migrant communities. In J. Crush & B. Frayne (Eds.), Surviving on the move: migration, poverty and development in Southern Africa (pp. 215–234). Cape Town and Midrand: SAMP and DBSA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baylies, C. (2002). The impact of AIDS on rural households in Africa: a shock like any other? Development and Change, 33(4), 611–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, M. E., Corneli, A. L., Piwoz, E., Moses, A., Nkhoma, J., Tohill, B. C., et al. (2005). Perceptions of the role of maternal nutrition in HIV-positive breast-feeding women in Malawi. Journal of Nutrition, 135(4), 945–949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booysens, F. (2004). Income and poverty dynamics in HIV/AIDS-affected households in the free state province of South Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 72(3), 522–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouare, O. (2007). Internal migration and the spread of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. The Social Sciences, 2(4), 405–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryceson, D., & Fonseca, J. (2006). An enduring or dying peasantry: interactive impact of famine and HIV/AIDS in rural Malawi. In S. Gillespie (Ed.), AIDS, poverty and hunger: challenges and responses (pp. 97–108). Washington, DC: IFPRI.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bukusuba, J., Kikafunda, J., & Whitehead, R. (2007). Food security status in households of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in a Ugandan urban setting. British Journal of Nutrition, 98(1), 211–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C. (2003). Letting them die: Why HIV/AIDS prevention programmes often fail. London: James Currey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C. (2004). Migrancy, masculine identities and AIDS: the psychosocial context of HIV transmission on the South African gold mines. In E. Kalipeni, S. Craddock, J. Oppong, & J. Ghosh (Eds.), HIV & AIDS in Africa: beyond epidemiology (pp. 144–154). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantrell, R. A., Sinkala, M., Megazinni, K., Lawson-Marriott, S., Washington, S., Chi, B. H., et al. (2008). A pilot study of food supplementation to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy among food-insecure adults in Lusaka, Zambia. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 49(2), 190–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chigwedere, P., & Essex, M. (2010). AIDS denialism and public health practice. AIDS and Behavior, 14(2), 237–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra M (2003) Equity issues in HIV/AIDS, nutrition and food security in Southern Africa. Discussion Paper No. 11. Harare: Regional Network for Equity in Health in Southern Africa (EQUINET).

  • Coates, J., Swindale, A., & Bilinsky, P. (2007). Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for measurement of food access: indicator guide (version 3). Washington: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. (2000). Poverty and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Issues Paper No. 27. New York: UNDP HIV and Development Programme.

  • Colecraft, E. (2008). HIV/AIDS: nutritional implications and impact on human development. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 67(1), 109–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, D., & Leibrandt, M. (2007). The financial impact of HIV/AIDS on poor households in South Africa. AIDS, 21(7), S75–S81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J., & Rau, B. (2000). AIDS in the context of development. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, E. L., Watt, C. J., Walker, N., Maher, D., Williams, B. G., Raviglione, M. C., et al. (2003). The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(9), 1009–1021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock, S. (2000). Disease, social identity and risk: rethinking the geography of AIDS. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 25(2), 153–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crush, J., & Frayne, B. (2010a). The invisible crisis: urban food insecurity in Southern African cities. AFSUN Series No. 1, Cape Town.

  • Crush, J., & Frayne, B. (2010b). The state of urban food security in Southern Africa. AFSUN Series No. 2, Cape Town.

  • Crush, J., Williams, B., Gouws, E., & Lurie, M. (2005). Migration and HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 22, 293–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crush, J., Lurie, M., Williams, B., Dodson, B., Peberdy, S., Akileswaran, C., et al. (2005). HIV/AIDS, population mobility and migration in Southern Africa: defining a research and policy agenda. Pretoria: IOM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crush, J., Frayne, B., & Grant, M. (2007). Linking migration, HIV/AIDS and urban food security in Southern and Eastern Africa, African Migration and Development Series No. 3, Cape Town: SAMP/Renewal.

  • De Bruijn, M. (2006). Gender equality and food security: a development myth. CODESRIA Bulletin, 1(2), 63–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Waal, A., & Whiteside, A. (2003). ‘New variant famine’: AIDS and food crisis in Southern Africa. The Lancet, 362(9391), 1234–1237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinat, N., & Peberdy, S. (2007). Worlds of work, health and migration: domestic workers in Johannesburg. Development Southern Africa, 24(1), 187–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodson, B., & Crush, J. (2003). Mobile deathlihoods: migration and HIV/AIDS in Africa. Report for UNAIDS.

  • Drimie, S. (2002). The impact of HIV/AIDS on rural households and land issues in Southern and Eastern Africa. Report for FAO Sub-Regional Office for Southern and Eastern Africa.

  • Dunkle, K. L., Jewkes, R. K., Brown, H. C., Gray, G. E., McIntryre, J. A., & Harlow, S. D. (2004a). Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa. The Lancet, 363(9419), 1410–1411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunkle, K. L., Jewkes, R. K., Brown, H. C., Gray, G. E., McIntryre, J. A., & Harlow, S. D. (2004b). Transactional sex among women in Soweto, South Africa: prevalence, risk factors and association with HIV infection. Social Science and Medicine, 59(8), 1581–1592.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dyson, T. (1993). HIV/AIDS and urbanization. Population and Development Review, 29(3), 427–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edström, J., & Samuels, F. (2007). HIV, nutrition, food and livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence, debates and reflections for guidance. Report for UK-DFID, London.

  • Enwonwu, C. (2006). Complex interactions between malnutrition, infection and immunity: relevance to HIV/AIDS infection. Nigerian Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Research, 1(1), 6–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • FANTA. (2006). Nutrition and HIV/AIDS: A training manual. Kampala: RCQHC, FANTA and LINKAGES.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO. (2005). Mitigating the impact of HIV/AIDS on food security and rural poverty. New York: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO. (2006). HIV/AIDS and food security. http://www.fao.org/hivaids/

  • FAO Committee on World Food Security. (2001). The impact of HIV/AIDS on food security. 27th Session, Rome.

  • Farmer, P. (1999). Infections and inequalities: the modern plagues. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friis, H. (2006). Micronutrient intervention and HIV infection: a review of current evidence. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 11(12), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Calleja, J., Gouws, E., & Ghys, P. (2006). National population based HIV prevalence surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa: results and implications for HIV and AIDS estimates. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82(3), iii64–iii70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, S. (Ed.). (2006). AIDS, poverty, and hunger: Challenges and responses. Washington: IFPRI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, S. (2008). Poverty, food insecurity, HIV vulnerability and the impacts of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. IDS Bulletin, 39(5), 10–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, S., & Drimie, S. (2009). Hyperendemic AIDS, food insecurity and vulnerability in Southern Africa: a cultural evolution. Working Paper for RENEWAL-IFPRI, Washington.

  • Gillespie, S., & Kadiyala, S. (2005). HIV/AIDS and food and nutrition security: from evidence to action. Washington, DC: IFPRI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwatirisa, P., & Manderson, L. (2009). Food insecurity and HIV/AIDS in low-income households in urban Zimbabwe. Human Organization, 68(1), 103–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddad, L., & Gillespie, S. (2005). Effective food and nutrition policy responses to HIV/AIDS: what we know and what we need to know. Journal of International Development, 13(4), 487–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haour-Knipe, M. (2008). Dreams and disappointments: migration and families in the context of HIV and AIDS. Joint Learning Initiative on Children and AIDS (JLICA). Pretoria: HSRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattingh, Z., Walsh, C., Veldman, F. J., & Bester, C. J. (2007). Micronutrient intake of HIV-infected women in Mangaung, Free State. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 20(1), 28–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattingh, Z., Walsh, C., & Joubert, G. (2009). Socio-demographic risk factors for HIV infection in women living in Mangaung, Free State. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 22(4), 203–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Himmelgreen, D., Romero-Daza, N., Turkon, D., Watson, S., Okello-Uma, I., & Sellen, D. (2010). Addressing the HIV/AIDS-food insecurity syndemic in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of AIDS Research, 8(4), 401–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivers, L., Cullen, K. A., Freedberg, K. A., Block, S., Coates, J., & Webb, P. (2009). HIV/AIDS, undernutrition and food insecurity. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(7), 1096–1102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jooma, M. (2005). Southern Africa assessment: food security and HIV/AIDS. Africa Security Review, 14(1), 59–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, S.-L. (2010). Tackling informality: why HIV/AIDS needs to be a critical component of urban development policies. Urban Forum, 21(2), 85–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Jooste, S., Cherry, C., & Cain, D. (2005). Poverty-related stressors and HIV/AIDS transmission risks in two South African communities. Journal of Urban Health, 82(2), 237–249.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalipeni, E., Craddock, S., Oppong, J. R., & Ghosh, J. (Eds.). (2004). HIV/AIDS in Africa: beyond epidemiology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karanja, N., Yeudall, F., Mbugua, S., Njenga, M., Prain, G., Cole, D. C., et al. (2010). Strengthening capacity for sustainable livelihoods and food security through urban agriculture among HIV and AIDS affected households in Nakuru, Kenya. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 8(1–2), 40–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, R., & MacIntyre, U. (2003). Development and testing of the South African national nutrition guidelines for people living with HIV/AIDS. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16(1), 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwaramba, P. (1997). The socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS on communal agricultural production systems in Zimbabwe. Report for Friederich Ebert Stiftung, Harare.

  • Kyobutungi, C., Ziraba, A. K., Ezeh, A., & Ye, Y. (2008). The burden of disease profile of residents of Nairobi’s slums: results from a demographic surveillance system. Population Health Metrics, 6(1), 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loevinsohn, M., & Gillespie, S. (2003). HIV/AIDS, food security and rural livelihoods: understanding and responding. RENEWAL Working Paper No. 2. Washington: IFPRI.

  • Lurie, M. (2005). Population movement and the spread of HIV in Southern Africa. In S. Abdool Karim & Q. Abdool Karim (Eds.), HIV/AIDS in South Africa (pp. 298–312). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lurie, M. (2006). The epidemiology of migration and HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(4), 649–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lurie, M., Williams, B., Zuma, K., Mkaya-Mwamburi, D., Garnett, G., Sturm, A., et al. (2003a). The impact of migration on HIV-1 transmission: a study of migrant and nonmigrant men and their partners. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 40(2), 149–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lurie, M., Williams, B., Zuma, K., Mkaya-Mwamburi, D., Garnett, G., Sweat, M., et al. (2003b). Who infects whom? HIV concordance and discordance among migrant and nonmigrant couples in South Africa. AIDS, 17(15), 2245–2252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LVAC. (2009). Lesotho urban vulnerability assessment survey. Maseru: Lesotho Vulnerability Assessment Committee.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacPhail, C., Williams, B., & Campbell, C. (2002). Relative risk of HIV infection among young men and women in a South African township. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 13(5), 331–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marston, B., & De Cock, K. (2004). Multivitamins, nutrition, and antiretroviral therapy for HIV disease in Africa. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 78–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C., Bangsberg, D., Tuller D., Senkungu, J., Kawuma, A., Frongillo, E., et al. (2010). Food insecurity and sexual risk in an HIV endemic community in Uganda. AIDS and Behavior Online First™, 20 April.

  • Montgomery, M. (2009). Urban poverty and health in developing countries. Population Reference Bureau, 64(2), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mubvami, T., & Manyati, M. (2007). HIV/AIDS, urban agriculture and community mobilisation: cases from Zimbabwe. UA Magazine, 7–10.

  • Murphy, L., Harvey, P., & Silvestre, E. (2005). How do we know what we know about the impact of AIDS on food and livelihood insecurity? A review of empirical research from rural sub-saharan Africa. Human Organization, 64(3), 265–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutangadura, G., & Webb, D. (1998). The socio-economic impact of adult mortality and morbidity on households in urban Zambia. SAfAIDS News, 6(3), 14–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nattrass, N. (2007). Mortal combat: AIDS denialism and the struggle for antiretrovirals in South Africa. Scottsville: University of Kwazulu Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Njenga, M., Karanja, N., Gathuru, K., Mbugua, S., Fedha, N., & Ngoda, B. (2009). The role of women-led micro-farming activities in combating HIV/AIDS in Nakuru, Kenya. In A. Hovorka, H. de Zeeuw, & M. Njenga (Eds.), Women feeding cities: mainstreaming gender in urban agriculture and food security (pp. 167–179). Rugby: Practical Action.

    Google Scholar 

  • ODI. (2004). Achieving food security in Southern Africa: policy issues and options. Forum for Food Security in Southern Africa.

  • O’Donnell, M. (2004). Food security, livelihoods and HIV/AIDS. Report for Save the Children.

  • Oldewage-Theron, W., Dicks, E., & Napier, C. (2006). Poverty, household food insecurity and nutrition: coping strategies in an informal settlement in the Vaal Triangle, South Africa. Public Health, 120(9), 795–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palamuleni, M., Kambewa, P., & Kadzandira, J. (2003). Impact of HIV/ AIDS on food security: the case of affected and infected urban households in Malawi. Malawi: Centre for Social Research, University of Malawi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panagides, D., Graciano, R., Atekyereza, P., Gerberg, L., & Chopra, M. (2007). A review of nutrition and food security approaches in HIV and AIDS programmes in Eastern and Southern Africa. Discussion Paper No. 48. Harare: EQUINET.

  • Paton, N., Sangeetha, S., Earnest, A., & Bellamy, R. (2006). The impact of malnutrition on survival and the CD4 count response in HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy. HIV Medicine, 7(5), 323–330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedi, D., & Renzaho, A. (2006). HIV/AIDS and food insecurity: breaking the vicious cycle. Working Paper for World Vision, Australia.

  • Piwoz, E., & Preble, E. (2000). HIV/AIDS and nutrition: a review of the literature and recommendations for nutritional care and support in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: USAID.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raiten, D., Grinspoon, S., & Arpadi, S. (2005). Nutritional considerations in the use of ART in resource-limited settings. WHO Consultation on Nutrition and HIV/AIDS in Africa, Durban.

  • Rajaraman, D., Russell, S., & Heymann, J. (2006). HIV/AIDS, income loss and economic survival in Botswana. AIDS Care, 18(7), 656–662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RCQHC. (2006). Nutrition and HIV/AIDS: A Training Manual (Kampala: Centre for Quality of Health Care (RCQHC), FANTA and LINKAGES Project).

  • RUAF. (2005). Gardens of hope: urban micro-farming as a complementary strategy for mitigation of the HIV-AIDS pandemic. Proceedings of the study visit to Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa 17-25 August 2005. http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/0_fullproceedings_0.pdf

  • Save the Children and Oxfam. (2002). HIV/AIDS and food insecurity in Southern Africa. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/policy/hivaids/downloads/hiv_food_insecurity.pdf

  • Shisana, O., Rehle, T., Simbayi, L., Zuma, K., Bhana, A., Connolly, C., et al. (2005). South African national HIV prevalence, HIV incidence, behaviour and communication survey, 2005. Cape Town: HSRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanwix, B. (2010). The story of HIV/TB: the terrible twins. Working Paper No. 269. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.

  • Sztam, K., & Ndirangu, M. (2005). HIV and nutrition. In A. Bendich & R. Deckelbaum (Eds.), Preventive nutrition (pp. 611–640). Totowa: Humana.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS. (2008a). 2008 Report on the global Aids epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS. (2008b). Epidemiological fact sheets on HIV and AIDS. http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/Epidemiology/epifactsheets.asp

  • UN-HABITAT. (2008). The state of African cities 2008: A framework for addressing urban challenges in Africa. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-HABITAT. (2009). State of the world’s cities 2008/2009: harmonious cities. London: UN-HABITAT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Donk, M. (2002). HIV/AIDS and urban poverty in South Africa. Paper prepared for the South African Cities Network.

  • Van Lettow, M., Fawzi, W., & Semba, R. (2003). Triple trouble: the role of malnutrition in tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. Nutrition Reviews, 61(3), 81–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Renterghem, H., & Jackson, H. (2009). AIDS and the city: intensifying the response to HIV and AIDS in urban areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Sunninghill: UNAIDS RST/ESA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vearey, J., Núñez, L., & Palmary, I. (2009). Johannesburg: a focus on urban livelihoods, rural-urban linkages and urban food security. Johannesburg: RENEWAL and Wits Forced Migration Studies Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vearey, J., Palmary, I., Thomas, L., Núñez, L., & Drimie, S. (2010). Urban health in Johannesburg: the importance of place in understanding intra-urban inequalities in a context of migration and HIV. Health & Place, 16(4), 694–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verver, S., Warren, R. M., Munch, Z., Vynnycky, E., van Helden, P. D., Richardson, M., et al. (2004). Transmission of tuberculosis in a high incidence urban community in South Africa. International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(2), 351–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, M. (2005). Nutritional prophylaxis. In S. Abdool Karim & Q. Abdool Karim (Eds.), HIV/AIDS in South Africa (pp. 463–476). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, S., Wolfe, W., Bangsberg, D., Thior, I., Gilbert, P., Makhema, J., et al. (2003). Barriers to antiretroviral adherence for patients living with HIV infection and AIDS in Botswana. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 34(3), 281–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, S., Leiter, K., Bangsberg, D., Butler, L., Percy-de Korte, F., Hlanze, Z., et al. (2007). Food insufficiency is associated with high-risk sexual behavior among women in Botswana and Swaziland. PLoS Medicine, 4(10), 1589–1598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, S., Tuller, D., Frongillo, E., Senkungu, J., Mukibi, N., & Bangsberg, D. (2010). Food insecurity as a barrier to sustained antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda. PLoS ONE, 5(4), 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whiteside, M., Mullins, D., & Kasiya, A. (2006). Mainstreaming economic development and food security with HIV and AIDS: experiences from Malawi. Malawi: CARE.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2003). Nutrient requirements of people living with HIV/AIDS. Report of a Technical Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2008a). Our cities, our health, our future: Acting on social determinants for health equity in urban settings. Geneva: Commission on the Social Determinants of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2008b). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: Commission on Social Determinants of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, B., Taljaard, D., Campbell, C., Gouws, E., Ndhlovu, L., van Dam, J., et al. (2003). Changing patterns of knowledge, reported behaviour and sexually transmitted infections in a South African gold mining community. AIDS, 17(14), 2099–2117.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2007). HIV/AIDS, nutrition and food security. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the Canadian Government for its support of the African Food Security Urban Network (AFSUN) through the CIDA University Partners in Cooperation and Development (UPCD) Program. Cassandra Eberhardt assisted with the preparation of this paper for publication. Our thanks also to Miriam Grant who developed the models of urban food security and HIV reproduced in this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Southern African Research Centre, Queen’s University, K7L 3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

    Jonathan Crush & Mary Caesar

  2. University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa

    Jonathan Crush

  3. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

    Bruce Frayne

  4. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, USA

    Scott Drimie

Authors
  1. Jonathan Crush
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Scott Drimie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bruce Frayne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mary Caesar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jonathan Crush.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Crush, J., Drimie, S., Frayne, B. et al. The HIV and urban food security nexus in Africa. Food Sec. 3, 347–362 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-011-0137-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-011-0137-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation