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Biogeography and population structure of predominant macrofaunal taxa (Annelida and Isopoda) in abyssal polymetallic nodule fields: implications for conservation and management

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Abstract

Abyssal plains of the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) in the NE Pacific Ocean probably harbour one of the world’s most diverse ecosystems. Gaining a basic understanding of the mechanisms underlying the evolution and persistence of CCZ biodiversity in terms of biogeography and connectivity has both scientific merit and informs the development of policy related to potential future deep-sea mining of mineral resources at an early stage in the process. Existing archives of polychaetes and isopods were sorted using a combined molecular and morphological approach, which uses nucleotide sequences (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)) and morphological information to identify appropriate sample sets for further investigations. Basic patterns of genetic diversity, divergence and demographic history of five polychaete and five isopod species were investigated. Polychaete populations were found to be genetically diverse. Pronounced long- and short-distance dispersal produces large populations that are continuously distributed over large geographic scales. Although analyses of isopod species suggest the same, spatial genetic structuring of populations do imply weak barriers to gene flow. Mining-related, large-scale habitat destruction has the potential to impact the continuity of both isopod and polychaete populations as well as their long-term dispersal patterns, as ecosystem recovery after major impacts is predicted to occur slowly at evolutionary time scales.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the captains and the crews of RV ‘Sonne’, ‘L’Atalante’ and ‘Kilo Moana’ for their skilled help in sampling the material during the MANGAN 2010, 2013 and 2014 and Bionod 2012 cruises. We also thank Stefanie Kaiser, Nils Brenke and Karin Meissner (Research Institute Senckenberg am Meer; German Center for Marine Biodiversity (DZMB, Wilhelmshaven and Hamburg)) for their help in determining the morpho-species of isopods and polychaetes. Additionally we would like to thank Uwe Raschka (Research Institute Senckenberg am Meer; DZMB, Wilhelmshaven) for assistance with DNA sequencing. The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments and suggestions on earlier versions of the manuscript.

Funding

Annika Janssen was financially supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Germany, grant 03G0205D), the Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR, Germany), and the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER, France). Heiko Stuckas and Pedro Martínez Arbizu received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the MIDAS project, grant agreement no. 603418. Pedro Martínez Arbizu received financial support from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Germany, grant 03F0707E) under the JPI Oceans MiningImpact project.

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Author notes

  1. Annika Janssen and Heiko Stuckas contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity, Südstrand 44, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany

    Annika Janssen & Pedro Martinez Arbizu

  2. Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Museum of Zoology, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany

    Heiko Stuckas

  3. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, 30655, Hannover, Germany

    Annemiek Vink

Authors
  1. Annika Janssen
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  2. Heiko Stuckas
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  3. Annemiek Vink
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  4. Pedro Martinez Arbizu
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Annika Janssen or Heiko Stuckas.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed by the authors.

Sampling and field studies

All necessary permits for sampling and observational field studies have been obtained by the authors from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the acknowledgements, if applicable.

Data availability

All sequences newly obtained in this study have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers KX226464 - KX227103.

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Communicated by S. Kaiser

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Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

Haplotype networks (Minimum-Spanning-Trees) for polychaete species based on sampling years. a. Paralacydonia cf. weberi (MOTU 0); b. Sigalionidae sp. 1 (MOTU 1); c. Lumbrineris sp. 1 (MOTU 2); d. Bathyglycinde cf. profunda (MOTU 3); e. Sigalionidae sp. 2 (MOTU 4). (PNG 1111 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 1035 kb)

ESM 2

Haplotype networks (Minimum-Spanning-Trees) for isopod species based on sampling years. a. Macrostylis sp. 1 (MOTU 0); b. Macrostylis sp. 2 (MOTU 1); c. Desmosomatidae sp. 1 (MOTU 2); d. Eugerdella sp. 1 (MOTU 3); e. Eugerdella sp. 2 (MOTU 4). (PNG 642 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 605 kb)

ESM 3

Polychaete and isopod specimens used in this study including species name, MOTU assignment, sequence ID, Genbank accession numbers, expedition and sample location (DOCX 66 kb)

ESM 4

Diversity and demography parameters for each polychaete population (≥ 4 specimens). NSeq = number of sequences, NHap = number of haplotypes, Hd = haplotype diversity, π = nucleotide diversity, ns = not significant, SSD = Sums of Squares Deviation (refers to expansion model based on mismatch distribution), r = Raggedness index. (DOCX 41 kb)

ESM 5

Diversity and demography parameters for each isopod population (≥ 4 specimens). NSeq = number of sequences, NHap = number of haplotypes, Hd = haplotype diversity, π = nucleotide diversity, ns = not significant; SSD = Sums of Squares Deviation (refers to expansion model based on mismatch distribution), r = Raggedness index. (DOCX 31 kb)

ESM 6

(DOCX 15 kb)

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Janssen, A., Stuckas, H., Vink, A. et al. Biogeography and population structure of predominant macrofaunal taxa (Annelida and Isopoda) in abyssal polymetallic nodule fields: implications for conservation and management. Mar. Biodivers. 49, 2641–2658 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-019-00997-1

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