Abstract
Land surface temperature (LST) shows negative correlation with the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). Variability in the degree of correlation between LST and NDWI is ascribed to the physical character of specific geological material. Northwest India exhibits various landforms with different geological materials and has been broadly classified into four zones. Structural ridges of Aravalli Mountain of different rock compositions show strong variability both in NDWI (range 1.154, SD = 0.0599) and in LST (range 24 °C and SD = 2.54). Negative LST–NDWI correlation in this sector is partially linear. Western Thar Desert, having homogenous silica sand of lower emissivity shows least variability in its NDWI (range 0.88, SD = 0.027) and moderate variability in its LST (20 °C, SD = 2.389). Strong negative correlation of LST with NDWI is exhibited here. Band ratio Silica map in this sector shows strong positive correlation with LST. The eastern part of the Thar desert with mixed rocky knobs, and wind-blown sand shows low variability in NDWI (range 0.85) as well as LST (range 15 °C). Area in Indus–Bias–Sutlej River basin, dominated with fluvial sediments with lesser amount of windblown sediments, show low variability of NDWI (0.85) and moderate variability of LST (range 23 °C). In the areas, around Luni river higher NDWI trend is recorded, which is unrelated to present drainage trends indicating presence of palaeo-drainage. In addition, high NDWI and high LST bearing linear zones at places are interpreted as structural lineaments/faults based on pattern, moisture content and thermal high.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alavipanah, S. K., Saradjian, M., Savaghebi, G., Komaki, C., Moghimi, E., & Karimpour, R. M. (2007). Land surface temperature in the Yardang Region of Lut Desert (Iran) Based on field measurements and landsat thermal data. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 9, 287–303.
Bakhliwal, P. C., & Wadhawan, S. (2003). Geological evolution of Thar Desert in India-issues and prospects. Proceedings Indian Science Academy, 69, 151–165.
Fils, S. C. N., Mimba, M. E., Dzana, J. G., Etouna, J., Mounoumeck, P. V., & Hakdaoui, M. (2018). TM/ETM+/LDCM Images for Studying Land Surface Temperature (LST) Interplay with Impervious Surfaces Changes over Time Within the Douala Metropolis, Cameroon. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 46(1), 131–143.
Gao, B. C. (1996). NDWI a normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space. Remote Sensing of Environment, 58, 257–266.
Jeevalakshmi, D., Narayana Reddy, S., & Manikiam, B. (2017). Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT data using emissivity estimation. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(20), 9679–9687.
Kaufman, Y., & Cai Gao, B. (1992). Remote sensing of water vapor in the near IR from OS/MODIS. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 30(5), 871–884.
Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R. W., & Chipman, J. (2015). Remote sensing and image interpretation (7th ed.). Wiley, ISBN:978-1-118-34328-9.
Mallick, J., Kant, Y., & Bharath, B. D. (2008). Estimation of land surface temperature over Delhi using landsat-7 ETM+. Journal Indian Geophysical Union, 12, 131–140.
Markham, B. L., & Becker, J. L. (1986). Landsat MS and TM post calibration dynamic ranges, exo-atmospheric reflectance and at satellite temperature. Landsat User Notes, 1, 3–8.
Palluconi, F. D., & Meeks, G. R. (1985). Thermal infrared multispectral scanner TIMS: An investigator’s guide to TIMS Data. Pasadena, California: NASA, JPL Publication 85–32.
Prata, A. J., Caselles, V., Coll, C., Sobrino, J. A., & Ottlé, C. (1995). Thermal remote sensing of land surface temperature from satellites: Current status and future prospects. Remote Sensing Reviews, 12, 175–224.
Qin, Z., Berliner, P. R., & Karnieli, A. (2005). Ground temperature measurement and emissivity determination to understand the thermal anomaly and its significance on the development of an arid environmental ecosystem in the sand dunes across the Israel–Egypt border. Journal of Arid Environments, 60, 27–52.
Qin, Z., & Karnelei, A. (1999). Progress in remote sensing and land surface temperature and ground emissivity using NOAA-AVHRR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 20, 2367–2393.
Rani, K., Guha, A., & Vinod Kumar, K. (2018). Comparative analysis of potentials of ASTER thermal infrared band derived emissivity composite, radiance composite and emissivity-temperature composite in geological mapping of proterozoic rocks in parts of Banswara, Rajasthan, India. Journal India Society of Remote Sensing, 46, 771–782.
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to The Director General of Geological Survey of India for giving permission to publish the work. The author is also thankful to Shri Animesh Thakur, Geological Survey of India for assisting at different level for upgrading the paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Das, S. Characterization of Surface Geological Material in Northwest India and Adjoining Areas of Pakistan Using Normalized Difference Water Index, Land Surface Temperature and Silica Index. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 46, 1645–1656 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-018-0819-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-018-0819-6