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Imaging coprolite taphonomy and preservation

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Abstract

The impact of coprolite taphonomy on parasite remains and aDNA recovery has been recognized. In general, coprolites from sites protected by geologic features such as caves and rock shelters exhibit the best preservation. In contrast, coprolites from open sites can be badly affected by taphonomic processes as shown by analyses of parasite eggs. For eggs, the impact of mites and free-living nematodes has been quantified. Mites are associated with poor pinworm egg preservation. In other studies, percolation of water through sediments has a negative impact on egg recovery. We note that dietary remains can also decompose at open sites. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we present examples of screened but chemically untreated microscopic remains. “Panorama” SEM images provide an excellent visual overview of the taphonomy of dietary remains. For this study, our focus is on Southwestern coprolites as a demonstration of diversity within a single region. Examples from caves and rock shelters were examined first to describe the taphonomic challenges for protected sites. Then, attention was turned to coprolites from open sites. In general, the challenges noted for parasite preservation are seen for other microfossils. However, the preservation of lignin, sporopollenin, calcium oxalate, and siliceous microfossils is generally better than cellulose structures. These observations are relevant to the selection process of samples for aDNA analysis and immunological study. This is especially relevant for the gut microbiome since decomposer fungi and bacteria molecular signals could be recovered in metagenomic analysis.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq (AMI, grant number 307932/2014-1) and the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ (AMI, grant number CNE 2/2016). The University of Nebraska School of Natural Resources provided logistical support. We especially thank the directorship and archeological staff of Aztec Ruins National Monument (U.S. National Park Service) for granting us permission, providing logistical support, and dating of the coprolite strata.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

    Karl Reinhard & Morgana Camacho

  2. Forensic Science Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

    Breyden Geyer & Kaitlin Otterson

  3. University of Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

    Samantha Hayek

  4. Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

    Chase Horn

  5. Morrison Microscopy Core Research Facility, Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

    Julia Russ

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  1. Karl Reinhard
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Reinhard, K., Camacho, M., Geyer, B. et al. Imaging coprolite taphonomy and preservation. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 6017–6035 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00946-w

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