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Mesolithic human occupation and seasonality: sclerochronology, δ18O isotope geochemistry, and diagenesis verification by Raman and LA-ICP-MS analysis of Argyrosomus regius (meagre) sagittae otoliths from layer 1 of Cabeço da Amoreira Mesolithic shell midden (Muge, Portugal)

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Abstract

We present preliminary sclerochronological analysis on 15 Argyrosomus regius (meagre) otoliths collected from two different human occupation levels from the Cabeço da Amoreira shell midden (Muge valley, Portugal). The otoliths were sectioned and observed under a reflected light stereomicroscope to examine seasonal growth rings. Carbonates collected from individual growth rings subsampled with a micromill sampling device were analyzed for their stable oxygen isotope content with the objective of determining the predominant season of capture and therefore season of site use, environmental conditions, and sites of resource procurement (local versus regional). The otoliths’ stable isotope records show clear seasonality and a season of capture estimate that seems consistent with a “good season” (warmer season, i.e., from spring to late summer/beginning of autumn in this area) site use in the last occupation layer (the great majority of otoliths are from layer 1), except for four samples giving heaver oxygen isotope (δ18O) values that suggest colder conditions and only one with markedly positive δ18O values. Potential effect of diagenesis on the otolith records was also assessed through coupled laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and by micro-X-Ray diffraction (μ-XRD). Results revealed the presence of only aragonite and no traces of calcite, providing no evidence of diagenesis that could significantly alter isotope results and lead to erroneous interpretations. The implications of these results are discussed and compared with data from other archeological sites, as well as data from micromorphology regarding continuity or interruption of site use and other faunal remains.

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Acknowledgements

The National Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal) funded the 2008-2011 Last Hunter-gatherers of the Tagus Valley–The Muge Shell Middens (PTDC/HAH/64185/2006)” project and the 2011-2014 “The last hunter-gatherers of Muge (Portugal): the origins of social complexity (PTDC/HIS- ARQ/112156/2009)” project whose P.I. is Nuno Bicho.

The Archaeological Institute of America that funded the “Mesolithic shell midden exploitation: Sclerochronology analysis from the Cabeço de Amoreira (SW Iberia, Portugal)” project, through the Archaeology of Portugal Program given to Rita Dias.

The ICArEHB-Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and the Evolution of Human Behaviour is acknowledged, in the University of Algarve, for partially funding the isotope analysis with funding from FCT (UID/ARQ/04211/2013).

We would also like to thank Stella Alexandroff for her invaluable help in the Sclerolab and Professor Chris Richardson for his time and advice in establishing a methodology, both at the University of Bangor, Wales, UK.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behavior (ICArEHB), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal

    Rita Dias & Nuno Bicho

  2. School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK

    Juan Estrella-Martínez & Paul Butler

  3. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK

    Alexandra Nederbragt & Ian R. Hall

  4. Hercules Laboratory, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal

    Pedro Barrulas, Anne France Maurer, Ana Mafalda Cardeira & José Mirão

  5. Artistic Studies Research Center (CIEBA/FBAUL), Largo da Academia Nacional de Belas-Artes, 1249-058, Lisbon, Portugal

    Ana Mafalda Cardeira

  6. Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa (UNIARQ), Lisbon, Portugal

    Cleia Detry

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Dias, R., Estrella-Martínez, J., Butler, P. et al. Mesolithic human occupation and seasonality: sclerochronology, δ18O isotope geochemistry, and diagenesis verification by Raman and LA-ICP-MS analysis of Argyrosomus regius (meagre) sagittae otoliths from layer 1 of Cabeço da Amoreira Mesolithic shell midden (Muge, Portugal). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 409–432 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0569-3

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