Abstract
Estuaries and coastal bays frequently receive anthropogenically sourced contaminants. Many of these contaminants (e.g. most metals) have low solubility and tend to sorb to sediment particles, so that sediment transport driven by fluid mechanics becomes an important part of the contaminant transport problem. The chosen strategy for mitigation of the contaminant(s) will depend on the potential for migration away from the affected region, or the build-up of concentrations within the receiving area if loading rate exceeds decay or transport rates, and the potential impact on environmental and human health both within and outside the receiving area.
Two case studies are considered here in which data describing instantaneous contaminant concentrations in estuarine environments were acquired via field sampling. Both sites feature estuaries dominated by tidal forcing, with smaller, adjacent upland regions also impacted. Metals, particularly copper and lead, are the primary focus in each case. Contaminant transport processes, including diffusion, advection, and bioturbation, are treated together to develop analytical and numerical solutions for time-dependent contaminant concentrations using a spatially varying, time-dependent, effective diffusion coefficient that is influenced by local surface water flow speeds. Different initial, boundary, and loading conditions are considered to illustrate the relative importance of the various transport processes. Implications of future contaminant loading and sea level rise scenarios are demonstrated and discussed.
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Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the US Marine Corps under contract no. W31RY072216980 to DAW and administered through the Piedmont-South Atlantic Coast Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit, of which DoD is a member agency. The authors could like to acknowledge assitance from Hannuman Bull, Kemal Cambazoğlu, Zafer Defne, Thomas Gay, Heidi Hammerstein, Ashley Randall, Adam Sapp, Hampton Simpkins, and Stephanie Smallegan in completing the field work and subsequent sample and data analysis.
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Work, P.A., Haas, K.A., Warren, D.A. et al. Assessment and Transport of Sediment-Bound Estuarine Contaminants. Water Qual Expo Health 7, 5–14 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-013-0101-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-013-0101-7