Abstract
Dissimilatory reduction of sulfate to sulfide produces a wide range of sulfur isotope effects, enriching heavy isotopes of sulfur in the remaining sulfate. This isotope fractionation is known to decrease at low sulfate concentrations, which has been used to assess marine sulfate levels throughout the geologic record. So far, the relationships of fractionations to the sulfate concentrations have been examined exclusively in continuous cultures or cell suspensions with continuous removal of the metabolic product sulfide, although sulfate respiration often results in the accumulation of high levels of sulfide in nature. High sulfide levels, as opposed to the effect of sulfate depletion, can increase the magnitude of sulfur isotope fractionation. Thus, I investigate the sulfur isotope fractionation by sulfate reducing bacteria, Desulfovibrio alaskensis and Desulfovibrio sp. DMSS1, in pyruvate batch cultures, where low sulfate but high sulfide concentrations can be achieved. The improved sensitivity of the new analytical method using multicollector ICP-MS makes it easier to measure the sulfur isotope composition of residual sulfate. Both species of Desulfovibrio fractionate sulfur isotopes by 11 to 12‰ with sulfate in excess, but as sulfate is used up in the culture medium, sulfur isotope fractionations decrease down to 0‰ and 3‰ for D. alaskensis and DMSS1, respectively. The results here suggest that elevated sulfide levels are likely secondary to the sulfate availability in determining the magnitude of isotope fractionation. However, the threshold sulfate concentrations at which isotope effect diminishes are apparently different between the two species studied.
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Acknowledgments
The author is indebted to Professors J.F. Adkins, V.J. Orphan, and A.L. Sessions (California Institute of Technology, USA) for their support in data collection and sulfur isotope analysis. The author also thanks two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2018R1D1A1B07050970).
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Sim, M.S. Effect of sulfate limitation on sulfur isotope fractionation in batch cultures of sulfate reducing bacteria. Geosci J 23, 687–694 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-019-0015-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-019-0015-x