Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

A Call to Action for Mycetoma

  • Epidemiology of Fungal Infections (T Chiller and JW Baddley, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Fungal Infection Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 20 November 2018

This article has been updated

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Here, we discuss the current needs and priorities for mycetoma control and prevention, highlight lessons learned from leprosy and podoconiosis, and motivate an urgent need to accelerate progress toward reducing the burden of mycetoma in endemic areas.

Recent Findings

In 2015, the World Health Assembly (WHA) added mycetoma, a progressively debilitating disease caused by fungi and bacteria, to the World Health Organization (WHO) list of priority neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Designation of other diseases as NTDs has raised awareness, enabled global partnerships, and advanced the capacity to combat disease through integrated programming. Although key mycetoma etiologic agents have been identified, many questions remain and mycetoma may similarly benefit from NTD designation.

Summary

In collaboration with experts at WHO and elsewhere, we formed a global mycetoma working group to connect partners from a variety of sectors and specialties. We envision that this group will evolve into a formalized partnership that can prioritize strategic planning, advocacy, and research needs, identify funding sources, and coordinate activities related to mycetoma and other NTDs affecting the skin. The experiences gained from other NTDs can help to guide the global mycetoma working group’s activities to better address the goals set forth in the WHA resolution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 20 November 2018

    In the previously published “A Call to Action for Mycetoma,” the title did not accurately reflect the content scope. Therefore, the title should read as “Pressing Priorities for Mycetoma Control and Prevention” (as shown above).

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. •• van de Sande WW. Global burden of human mycetoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2550. First published global burden estimate for mycetoma. Burden estimate is based on published literature, characterizing geographic occurrence and patient attributes. Establishes an epidemiologic baseline highlighting the need for public health surveillance.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahmed AO, van Leeuwen W, Fahal A, van de Sande W, Verbrugh H, van Belkum A. Mycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis: a neglected infectious burden. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:566–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. •• Zijlstra EE, Van De Sande WW, Welsh O, Goodfellow M, Fahal AH. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:100–12. Key review of mycetoma as a neglected tropical disease, focusing on clinical attributes and treatment, with comparisons of eumycetoma and actinomycetoma.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Garchitorena A, Sokolow SH, Roche B, et al (2017) Disease ecology, health and the environment: a framework to account for ecological and socio-economic drivers in the control of neglected tropical diseases. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 372:20160128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zein HAM, Fahal AH, Mahgoub ES, El Hassan TA, Abdel-Rahman ME. Predictors of cure, amputation and follow-up dropout among patients with mycetoma seen at the Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106:639–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. •• van de Sande W, Fahal A, Ahmed SA, Serrano JA, Bonifaz A, Zijlstra E. Closing the mycetoma knowledge gap. Med Mycol. 2017;56:S153–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myx061. Key review of the burden of mycetoma as measured by published reports, persistent knowledge gaps, and recent efforts to close these gaps.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. World Health Organization (2004) 57th World Health Assembly resolutions and decisions. World Health Organization, Geneva.

  8. Fahal AH. Mycetoma: a global medical and socio-economic dilemma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Murray CJL, Vos T, Lozano R, et al (2012) Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet Lond Engl 380:2197–2223.

  10. Hotez PJ, Alvarado M, Basáñez M-G, et al (2014) The global burden of disease study 2010: interpretation and implications for the neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e2865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Herricks JR, Hotez PJ, Wanga V, Coffeng LE, Haagsma JA, Basáñez M-G, et al. The global burden of disease study 2013: what does it mean for the NTDs? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. • Lim W, Melse Y, Konings M, Duong HP, Eadie K, Laleu B, Perry B, Todd M, Ioset J-R, Sande W van de (2018) Addressing the most neglected diseases through an open research model: the discovery of fenarimols as novel drug candidates for eumycetoma. bioRxiv 258905. Paper describes a new initiative known as “MycetOS” that provides an open-source platform for researchers worldwide to share molecular screening data in support of finding novel antifungal drugs to treat eumycetoma through a crowdsourcing approach.

  13. Van De Sande W, Perry B, Ioset J-R, Todd M (2018) GitHub: overview of MycetOS. https://github.com/OpenSourceMycetoma/General-Start-Here. Accessed 22 Mar 2018.

  14. World Health Organization WHO | Informal consultation on mycetoma, WHO Headquarters, Geneva, 24 March 2017. In: WHO. http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/news/Mycetoma_informal_consultation_24_march_2017/en/. Accessed 26 Jan 2018.

  15. World Health Organization (ed) (2010) Working to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: first WHO report on neglected tropical diseases. Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva.

  16. World Health Organization (2013) Sustaining the drive to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases. World Health Organization, Switzerland.

  17. Fine PEM. Leprosy: what is being “eliminated”? Bull World Health Organ 2007;85:2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Smith WCS, Odong DS, Ogosi AN. The importance of neglected tropical diseases in sustaining leprosy programmes. Lepr Rev. 2012;83:121–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Saunderson PR. Leprosy elimination: not as straightforward as it seemed. Public Health Rep. 2008;123:213–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Siddiqui MR, Meisner S, Tosh K, et al (2001) A major susceptibility locus for leprosy in India maps to chromosome 10p13. Nat Genet 27:439–441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Penna MLF, Penna GO. Leprosy frequency in the world, 1999-2010. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2012;107:3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lockwood DN, Suneetha S. Leprosy: too complex a disease for a simple elimination paradigm. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83:230–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Chaptini C, Marshman G. Leprosy: a review on elimination, reducing the disease burden, and future research. Lepr Rev. 2015;86:307–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fine PE. Global leprosy statistics: a cause for pride, or frustration? Lepr Rev. 2006;77:295–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. World Health Organization (2016) Global Leprosy Strategy 2016-2020: accelerating towards a leprosy-free world.

  26. Price EW. Podoconiosis: non-filarial elephantiasis. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Davey G, Tekola F, Newport MJ. Podoconiosis: non-infectious geochemical elephantiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101:1175–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Deribe K, Tomczyk S, Tekola-Ayele F. Ten years of podoconiosis research in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Tomczyk S, Deribe K, Brooker SJ, Clark H, Rafique K, Knopp S, et al. Association between footwear use and neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e3285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Alemu G, Ayele FT, Daniel T, Ahrens C, Davey G. Burden of podoconiosis in poor rural communities in Gulliso woreda, west Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Destas K, Ashine M, Davey G. Prevalence of podoconiosis (endemic non-filarial elephantiasis) in Wolaitta, southern Ethiopia. Trop Dr. 2003;33:217–20.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Molla YB, Tomczyk S, Amberbir T, Tamiru A, Davey G. Podoconiosis in east and west Gojam zones, northern Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Oli GG, Ayele FT, Petros B. Parasitological, serological, and clinical evidence for high prevalence of podoconiosis (non-filarial elephantiasis) in Midakegn district, central Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health TM IH. 2012;17:722–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Tekola Ayele F, Alemu G, Davey G, Ahrens C. Community-based survey of podoconiosis in Bedele Zuria woreda, west Ethiopia. Int Health. 2013;5:119–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Deribe K, Cano J, Newport MJ, Pullan RL, Noor AM, Enquselassie F, et al. The global atlas of podoconiosis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e477–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. International Podoconiosis Initiative Footwork - the International Podoconiosis Initiative. http://www.podo.org/. Accessed 22 Jan 2018.

  37. Tekola F, Ayele Z, HaileMariam D, Fuller C, Davey G. Development and testing of a de novo clinical staging system for podoconiosis (endemic non-filarial elephantiasis). Trop Med Int Health TM IH. 2008;13:1277–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Henok L, Davey G. Validation of the Dermatology Life Quality Index among patients with podoconiosis in southern Ethiopia. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:903–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ahmed AA, van de Sande W, Fahal AH. Mycetoma laboratory diagnosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. • Denning DW. Calling upon all public health mycologists. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;36:923–4. A brief editorial highlighting the need to establish a field of public health mycology to move beyond the current paucity of data on burden and implications of fungal diseases, and lack of population-level strategies to prevent disease.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Fraser M, Borman AM, Johnson EM Rapid and robust identification of the agents of black-grain mycetoma by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol JCM.2017;00417.

  42. Jaleel A, Celine MI, Sobhanakumari K, Sadanandan SM, Shanimole PE, Sobhana Surendran S. Mycetoma-like chromoblastomycosis: a diagnostic dilemma. Int J Dermatol. 2017;56:563–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rojas OC, León-Cachón RB, Moreno-Treviño M, González GM. Molecular identification of unusual mycetoma agents isolated from patients in Venezuela. Mycoses. 2017;60:129–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sampaio FMS, Wanke B, Freitas DFS, de Oliveira Coelho JMC, Galhardo MCG, Lyra MR, et al. Review of 21 cases of mycetoma from 1991 to 2014 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Siddig EE, Fahal AH. Histopathological approach in diagnosis of mycetoma causative agents: a mini review. J Cytol Histol. 2017;8:466.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Carter H. On a new and striking form of fungus disease principally affecting the foot and prevailing endemically in many parts of India. Trans Med Phys Soc Bombay. 1860;6:104–42.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Karlyn D. Beer.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Epidemiology of Fungal Infections

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Beer, K.D., Blaney, D.D., Kadzik, M. et al. A Call to Action for Mycetoma. Curr Fungal Infect Rep 12, 99–104 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-018-0317-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-018-0317-x

Keywords

Navigation