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Azole Resistance in Moulds—Approach to Detection in a Clinical Laboratory

  • Advances in Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections (S Chen, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

The multitude of factors has contributed to the increasing number of fungal infections caused by species of difficult-to-treat opportunistic moulds, such as Fusarium, Scedosporium, and cryptic Aspergilli. Also, rare fungi sporadically encountered, such as Rasamsonia argillacea, Penicillium oxalicum, and melanized fungi, are now well recognized. The high mortality associated with these rare and uncommon fungi is primarily linked to the difficulty in diagnosis and limited therapeutic options, as many of them exhibit resistance to antifungals including azoles. Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus has been increasingly reported because standardized methods for susceptibility testing and associated clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoff values became available. However, such advances in antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) in non-Aspergillus moulds barring mucorales have been lacking. Notwithstanding the fact that the true incidence of these non-Aspergillus filamentous moulds in clinical settings is hitherto unknown, also data on AFST by standardized methods is largely lacking. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by reference techniques is the gold standard to detect azole resistance in filamentous fungi. In recent years, some progress has been made toward the description of resistance mechanisms at molecular level especially in Aspergillus. This paper reviews the present state of azole resistance in Aspergillus and other filamentous mould species and discusses their relevance to clinical practice.

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  1. Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India

    Anuradha Chowdhary, Aradhana Masih & Cheshta Sharma

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  1. Anuradha Chowdhary
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  2. Aradhana Masih
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Correspondence to Anuradha Chowdhary.

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Anuradha Chowdhary, Aradhana Masih, Cheshta Sharma declare that they have no conflict of interest. Cheshta Sharma was supported by a research grant from University Grants Commission Research Fellowship, India (F.2-15/2003 SA-I).

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Advances in Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections

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Chowdhary, A., Masih, A. & Sharma, C. Azole Resistance in Moulds—Approach to Detection in a Clinical Laboratory. Curr Fungal Infect Rep 10, 96–106 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-016-0265-2

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