Abstract
An oleaginous red yeast, Rhodotorula glutinis, synthesizes numerous compounds of industrial value, including those used as a source of microbial lipids for biodiesel applications. It can also be used to synthesize value-added products such as β-carotene, which are commonly used in several industries. Several vegetable oils are used in the medium as a supplemental carbon source for the enhancement of lipid and β-carotene accumulation. Among them, the supplemental of 25 g/L palm oil leads to the 71% increase of biomass as compared to that of the control batch in the agitation fermenter. The addition of palm oil not only improved the biomass yield but also enhanced the growth rate as well, where maximum growth rates of 0.32 and 0.27 g/L h were obtained with and without the addition of palm oil, respectively. The high biomass obtained will certainly lead to more total lipids and β-carotene accumulated. A comparison of an agitator bioreactor and an airlift bioreactor for biomass, total lipids, and β-carotene production was performed using palm oil as the supplemental carbon source. The shear force in the agitator bioreactor regulated the mixing of the palm oil in the medium, which increased the biomass production. The addition of palm oil slightly altered the fatty acid composition, which stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) were the predominant fatty acids in the microbial lipids of R. glutiniss. The results of this study suggest that an agitation bioreactor with palm oil supplementation increases biomass concentration and eventually increases β-carotene production.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ratledge, C. and J. P. Wynn (2002) The biochemistry and molecular biology of lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms. Advances in Applied Microbiology. 51: 1–51.
Ratledge, C. and Z. Cohen (2008) Microbial and algal oils: Do they have a future for biodiesel or as commodity oils? Lipid Technology. 20: 155–160.
Meng, X., J. Yang, X. Xu, L. Zhang, Q. Nie, and M. Xian (2009) Biodiesel production from oleaginous microorganisms. Renewable Energy 34: 1–5.
Saenge, C., B. Cheirsilp, T. T. Suksaroge, and T. Bourtoom (2011) Potential use of oleaginous red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis for the bioconversion of crude glycerol from biodiesel plant to lipids and carotenoids. Process Biochemistry. 46: 210–218.
Buzzini, P., M. Innocenti, B. Turchetti, D. Libkind, M. V. Brook, and N. Mulinacci (2007) Caroteneoid profiles of yeast belonging to the genera Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Sporobolomyces and Sporidiobolus. Can. J. Microbiol. 53: 1024–1031.
Malisorn, C. and W. Suntornsuk (2008) Optimization of β-carotene production by Rhodotorula glutinis DM28 in fermented radish brine. Bioresource Technology 99: 2281–2287.
Ungureanu, C., M. Ferdes, and A. A. Chirvase (2012) Torularhodin biosynthesis and extraction by yeast cells of Rhodotorula rubra Rev. Chim.-bucharest. 63: 316–318.
Schneider, T., S. Graeff-Hönninger, W. T. French, R. Hernandez, N. Merkt, W. Claupein, M. Hetrick, and P. Pham (2013) Lipid and carotenoid production by oleaginous red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis cultivated on brewery effluents. Energy. 61: 34–43.
Hu, C., Y. Zou, and W. Zhao (2009) Effect of soybean oil on the production of mycelial biomass and pleuromutilin in the shake-flask culture of Pleurotus mutilis. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 25: 1705–1711.
Choi, D., S.-S. Park, B.-K. Ahn, D.-H. Lim, Y.-W. Lee, J.-H. Moon, and D.-Y. Shin (2008) Studies on production of gentamicin from Micromonosporas purpurea using crude vegetable oils. Process Biochemistry. 43: 835–841.
Aksu, Z. and A. T. Eren (2005) Carotenoids production by the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: Use of agricultural wastes as a carbon source. Process Biochemistry 40: 2985–2991.
Bligh, E. G. and W. J. Dyer (1959) A rapid method for total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37: 911–917.
Athalye, S. K., R. A. Garcia, and Z. Wen (2009) Use of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol for producing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by the fungus Pythium irregulare. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57: 2739–2744.
Malisorn, C. and W. Suntornsuk (2009) Improved β-carotene production of Rhodotorula glutinis in fermented radish brine by continuous cultivation. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 43: 27–32.
Papanikolaou, S., and G. Aggelis (2010) Yarrowia lipolytica: A model microorganism used for the production of tailor-made lipids. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 112: 639–654.
Taskin, M., T. Sisman, S. Erdal, and E. K. Basaran (2011) Use of waste chicken feathers as peptone for production of caroteneoids in submerged culture of Rhodotorula glutinis MT-5. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 233: 657–665.
Flores, C. H. L., J. J. R. Cordova, C. P. Ortiz, R. Femat, and E. J. H. Lopez (2010) Batch and Fed-batch modeling of caroteneoids production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous using yucca fillifera date juice as substrate. Biochem. Eng. J. 53: 131–136.
Papanikolaou, S. and G. Aggelis (2011) Lipids of oleaginous yeasts. Part I: Biochemistry of single cell oil production. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 113: 1031–1051.
Somashekar, D. and R. Joseph (2000) Inverse relationship between carotenoid and lipid formation in Rhodotorula gracilis according to the C/N ratio of the growth medium. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 16: 491–493.
Sun, Y., L. Sun, F. Shang, and G. Yan (2016) Enhanced production of β-carotene in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae by inverse metabolic engineering with supplementation of unsaturated fatty acids. Process Biochemistry. 51: 568–577.
Braunwald, T., L. Schwemmlein, S. Graeff-Hönninger, W. T. French, R. Hernandez, W. E. Holmes, and W. Claupein (2013) Effect of different C/N ratios on carotenoid and lipid production by Rhodotorula glutinis. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 97: 6581–6588.
Yen, H.-W. and Y. X. Liu (2014) Application of airlift bioreactor for the cultivation of aerobic oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis with different aeration rates. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 118: 195–198.
Yen, H.-W., Y. X. Liu, and J.-S. Chang (2015) The effects of feeding criteria on the growth of oleaginous yeast-Rhodotorula glutinis in a pilot-scale air lift bioreactor. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 49: 67–71.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received for this study from Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) under grant numbers MOST 105-2621-M-029 -003 -MY2 and 104-2621-M-029 -004
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yen, HW., Palanisamy, G. & Su, GC. The Influences of Supplemental Vegetable Oils on the Growth and β-carotene Accumulation of Oleaginous Yeast-Rhodotorula glutinis. Biotechnol Bioproc E 24, 522–528 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-019-0027-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-019-0027-4