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Spatial Subsidies and Mortality of an Estuarine Copepod Revealed Using a Box Model

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Abstract

Mortality of planktonic populations is difficult to determine because assumptions of the methods are rarely met, more so in estuaries where tidal exchange ensures violation of the assumption of a closed or spatially uniform population. Estuarine plankton populations undergo losses through movement from productive regions, creating a corresponding subsidy to regions that are less productive. We estimated mortality rates of the copepod Pseudodiaptomus forbesi in the San Francisco Estuary using a vertical-life-table approach with a Bayesian estimation method, combined with estimates of spatial subsidies and losses using a spatial box model with salinity-based boundaries. Data came from a long-term monitoring program and from three sample sets for 1991–2007 and 2010–2012. A hydrodynamic model coupled with a particle-tracking model supplied exchange rates between boxes and from each box to several sinks. In situ mortality, i.e., mortality corrected for movement, was highly variable. In situ mortality of adults was high (means by box and sampling program 0.1–0.9 day−1) and appeared invariant with salinity or year. In situ mortality of nauplii and copepodites increased from fresh (~ 0) to brackish water (means 0.4–0.8 day−1), probably because of consumption by clams and predatory copepods in brackish water. High mortality in the low-salinity box was offset by a subsidy which increased after 1993, indicating an increase in mortality. Our results emphasize the importance of mortality and spatial subsidies in structuring populations. Mortality estimates of estuarine plankton are feasible with sufficient sampling to overcome high variability, provided adjustments are made to account for movement.

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Acknowledgments

We thank K. Kayfetz, R. Vogt, M. Esgro, R. duMais, and V. Greene for assistance in the field, R. Baxter at CDFW for providing boats and operators, A. Hennessy and K. Hieb at CDFW for providing IEP Zooplankton Monitoring Program samples for re-analysis, M. MacWilliams for providing hydrodynamic model output, and M. Weaver, A. Hirst, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments.

Funding

Financial support was provided by Delta Science Program Grant SCI-05-C107, California Department of Water Resources Agreement 4600007494 and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Agreement R10AC20074.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Estuary & Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Dr., Tiburon, CA, 94920-1205, USA

    Wim J. Kimmerer & Anne M. Slaughter

  2. RMA, 1756 Picasso Avenue, Suite G, Davis, CA, 95618, USA

    Edward S. Gross

  3. Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Edward S. Gross & John R. Durand

  4. Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    John R. Durand

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  1. Wim J. Kimmerer
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Correspondence to Wim J. Kimmerer.

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Kimmerer, W.J., Gross, E.S., Slaughter, A.M. et al. Spatial Subsidies and Mortality of an Estuarine Copepod Revealed Using a Box Model. Estuaries and Coasts 42, 218–236 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-018-0436-1

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