Abstract
When it comes to the deep soft soil foundation, improper construction, preloading, and excavation may result in the inclination of the pre-stressed concrete pipe (PCP) piles. Lack of understanding on deformation characteristics may lead to inaccurate reinforcement plan, thereby causing new engineering accidents. This study analyzes an engineering accident induced by the pile inclination, based on which the finite element method model is built. Deformation characteristics of the foundation incorporating inclined PCP piles are investigated, and the reinforcement program involving placement of the pile with opposite inclination is proposed and compared with the conventional reinforcement program using vertical piles. Findings of this study are two-folds: 1) A critical inclination angle affecting the vertical settlement exists, below which the pile inclination has limited effects upon the vertical load bearing capacity of the foundation. 2) The vertical subsidence, the lateral displacement and the bending moment of the reinforcement program based on the reversely inclined pile are all decreased, which helps bear the overburden load and improve stability. In the process of engineering accident treatment, the bearing capacity of PCP piles with small inclination angles can be first reduced according to their inclination angles, followed by judgement that whether these PCP piles meet the requirements on bearing capacity. The PCP piles with large inclination angles must be strengthened, and the reverse inclined PCP piles are recommended.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cao, W. P., Lu, Q. Y., Fan, W. F., and Li, S. (2016). “Experimental study of load transfer behavior of batter piles under vertical loads.” Rock and Soil Mechanics, Vol. 37, No. 11, pp. 3048–3056, DOI: https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2016.11.002.
Chen, Y. D., Deng, A., Wang, A. T., and Sun, H. S. (2018). “Performance of screw-shaft pile in sand: Model test and DEM simulation.” Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 104, pp. 118–130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.08.013.
Du, J., Ding, H. Y., Liu, J. H., and Zhang, C. (2005). “Research on boundary selection of bucket foundation with finite element analysis.” Ocean Technology, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 109–113.
Gerolymos, N., Giannakou, A., Anastasopoulos, I., and Gazetas, G. (2008). “Evidence of beneficial role of inclined piles: Observations and summary of numerical analyses.” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 705–722, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9085-2.
Hanna, A. and Ngnyen, T. Q. (2003). “Shaft resistance of single vertical and batter piles driven in sand.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental engineering, Vol. 129, No. 7, pp. 81–86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2003)129:7(601).
Harry, G. P. (2006). “Raked piles — Virtues and drawbacks.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 132, pp. 795–803, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE1090-02412006132:6795.
Hu, S. L., Chao, Y., Dai, G. L., and Gong, W. M. (2015). “Field test research of inclined large-scale steel pipe pile foundation for offshore wind farms.” Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 73, pp. 132–138, DOI:https://doi.org/10.2112/SI73-024.
Meyerhof, G. G. (1995). “Behaviour of pile foundations under special loading conditions: 1994 R.M. Hardy keynote address.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 204–222, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(96)87150-6.
Meyerhof, G. G. and Yalcin, A. S. (1993). “Behaviour of flexible batter piles under inclined loads in layered soil.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 247–256, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/t93-021.
Poulos, H. G. (2006). “Raked piles — Virtues and drawbacks.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 126, No. 6, pp. 795–803, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:6(795).
Rajashree, S. S. and Sitharam, T. G. (2001). “Nonlinear finite-element modeling of batter piles under lateral load.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 127, No. 7, pp. 604–612, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:7(604).
Wang, L. and Zheng, G. (2009). “Research on vertical bearing capacity of partially inclined pile with finite element method.” Rock and Soil Mechanics, Vol. 30, No. 11, pp. 3533–3538, DOI: https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2009.11.057.
Xu, J., Gong, W. M., Zhang, Q., Dai, G. L., Huo, S. L., and Yang, C. (2017). “Numerical simulation and field test study on vertical bearing behavior of large diameter steel of inclined piles.” Rock and Soil Mechanics, Vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 2434–2447, DOI: https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2017.08.033.
Yang, M. and Liu, S. X. (2015). “Field tests and finite element modeling of a prestressed concrete pipe pile-composite foundation.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, KSCE, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 2067–2074, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0549-z.
Zhang, F., Okawa, K., and Kimura, M. (2008). “Centrifuge model test on dynamic behavior of group-pile foundation with inclined piles and its numerical simulation.” Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 233–241, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-008-0033-7.
Zheng, G., Li, S., Deng, Y. M., and Zhang, X. S. (2012). “Bearing capacity behaviors of inclined pile under vertical load.” Journal of Tianjin University, Vol. 45, No. 7, pp. 567–576.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51378083, 50978036), Hunan Provincial Department of Transportation (No.201304), the National College Students Innovation Experiment (No.201610536004), the Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation For Postgraduate (CX2018B538), the Open Fund of Hunan Province University Key Laboratory of Bridge Engineering (Changsha University of Science & Technology) (No. 18KA02), the Key Innovative Advantage Subject of Civil Engineering in Changsha University of Science and Technology (No.2016), which is greatly appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, Dq., Feng, Cx. Engineering Characteristics and Reinforcement Program of Inclined Pre-stressed Concrete Pipe Piles. KSCE J Civ Eng 23, 3907–3923 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-0192-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-0192-1