Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Multi-Class Food Additives in Beverages for Quality Control by Using HPLC-DAD and Chemometrics Methods

  • Published:
Food Analytical Methods Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A rapid and sensitive analytical strategy combining high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and chemometrics methods was developed for the determination of multi-class food additives in a variety of beverage samples. Different kinds of beverages, which contain diverse unknown interferences, can be directly injected into a chromatographic system after a simple dilution or pretreatment step, and the data were recorded in a short time under a simple gradient elution mode. Although peaks overlapped and changeable interferences existed in the dimension of the chromatographic and spectral in real beverages, all food additives were accurately resolved by using a second-order calibration method based on alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) algorithm, and accurate chromatographic profiles, spectral profiles, and concentration profiles were also obtained. Limits of detection for all additives were between 1.40 and 165.1 ng mL−1, while limits of quantitation ranged from 4.20 to 500.2 ng mL−1. The spiked recoveries were in the range of 87.3–103% (except amaranth) with RSDs less than 10.2%. Compared with the results obtained by classic HPLC method, our proposed method was more accurate. In all, the proposed method is fast, sensitive, and universal and could be used as a reliable tool to determine food additives and quality monitoring in different complex beverages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AK:

Acesulfame potassium

SAC:

Saccharin

GA:

Glycyrrhizic acid

BA:

Benzoic acid

SA:

Sorbic acid

E102:

Tartrazine

E123:

Amaranth

E120:

Carmine

E110:

Sunset yellow

E133:

Brilliant blue

CAF:

Caffeine

CFDA:

China Food and Drug Administration

ATLD:

Alternating trilinear decomposition

SEL:

Selectivity

SEN:

Sensitivity

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantitation

References

  • Alothman ZA, Aqel A, Mke A, Yacine BA, Alwarthan AA (2012) Fast chromatographic determination of caffeine in food using a capillary hexyl methacrylate monolithic column. Food Chem 132:2217–2223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amigo JM, Skov T, Bro R (2010) ChroMATHography: solving chromatographic issues with mathematical models and intuitive graphics. Chem Rev 110:4582–4605

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bazzucchi I, Felici F, Montini M, Figura F, Sacchetti M (2011) Caffeine improves neuromuscular function during maximal dynamic exercise. Muscle Nerve 43:839–844

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belguidoum K, Amira-Guebailia H, Boulmokh Y, Houache O (2014) HPLC coupled to UV–vis detection for quantitative determination of phenolic compounds and caffeine in different brands of coffee in the Algerian market. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45:1314–1320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergamo AB, Da Silva JAF, De Jesus DP (2011) Simultaneous determination of aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin and acesulfame-K in soft drinks and tabletop sweetener formulations by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Food Chem 124:1714–1717

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger TA, Berger BK (2013) Rapid, direct quantitation of the preservatives benzoic and Sorbic acid (and salts) plus caffeine in foods and aqueous beverages using supercritical fluid chromatography. Chromatographia 76:393–399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boeris V, Arancibia JA, Olivieri AC (2014) Determination of five pesticides in juice, fruit and vegetable samples by means of liquid chromatography combined with multivariate curve resolution. Anal Chim Acta 814:23–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonan S, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Elisabetta C (2013) Simultaneous determination of synthetic dyes in foodstuffs andbeverages by high-performance liquid chromatography coupledwith diode-array detector. Dyes & Pigments 99:36–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bro R, Andersson CA, Kiers HA (1999) PARAFAC2-part II. Modeling chromatographic data with retention time shifts. J Chemom 13:295–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bro R, Kiers HAL (2003) A new efficient method for determining the number of components in PARAFAC models. J Chemom 17:274–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z-P, Liu Z, Cao Y-Z, Yu R-Q (2001) Efficient way to estimate the optimum number of factors for trilinear decomposition. Anal Chim Acta 444:295–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demiralay EC, Özkan G, Guzel-Seydim Z (2006) Isocratic separation of some food additives by reversed phase liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 63:91–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng F, Yang S, Ling Y, Jiang GB, Chu XG (2011) Simultaneous screening of 14 illegal food additives in wines using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chin J Anal Chem 39:1732–1737

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes VNO, Fernandes LB, Vasconcellos JP, Jager AV, Tonin FG, de Oliveira MAL (2013) Simultaneous analysis of aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin and acesulfame-K by CZE under UV detection. Anal Methods 5:1524–1532

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fjm M, Implvo F, Cunha SC, Mbpp O (2003) Optimisation of extraction procedures for analysis of benzoic and sorbic acids in foodstuffs. Food Chem 82:469–473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao H, Yang M, Wang M, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Chu X (2013) Determination of 30 synthetic food additives in soft drinks by HPLC/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 96:110–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gemperline P (2006) Practical guide to chemometrics. CRC press

  • Kamankesh M, Mohammadi A, Tehrani ZM, Ferdowsi R, Hosseini H (2013) Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of benzoate and sorbate in yogurt drinks and method optimization by central composite design. Talanta 109:46–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiers HA, Ten Berge JM, Bro R (1999) PARAFAC2-part I. a direct fitting algorithm for the PARAFAC2 model. J Chemom 13:275–294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee Y, Do B, Lee G, Lim HS, Yun SS, Kwon H (2017) Simultaneous determination of sodium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K and sucralose in food consumed in Korea using high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light-scattering detection. Food Addit Contam: Part A 34:666–677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ling DS, Xie HY, He YZ, Gan WE, Yong G (2010) Determination of preservatives by integrative coupling method of headspace liquid-phase microextraction and capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1217:7807–7811

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Cai W, Shao X (2009) High-throughput approach for analysis of multicomponent gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric signals. J Chromatogr A 1216:1469–1475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Wu HL, Xie LX, Hu Y, Fang H, Sun XD, Wang T, Xiao R, Yu RQ (2017) Direct and interference-free determination of thirteen phenolic compounds in red wines using a chemometrics-assisted HPLC-DAD strategy for authentication of vintage year. Anal Methods 9:3361–3374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma J, Zhang B, Wang Y, Hou X (2014) Comparison of six sample preparation methods for analysis of food additives in milk powder. Food Anal Methods 7:1345–1352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma K, Li XJ, Wang HF, Zhao M (2015) Rapid and sensitive method for the determination of eight food additives in red wine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Anal Methods 8:203–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma K, Yang YN, Jiang XX, Zhao M, Cai YQ (2012) Simultaneous determination of 20 food additives by high performance liquid chromatography with photo-diode array detector. Chin Chem Lett 23:492–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO, Stevenson J (2007) Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 370:1560–1567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meinhart AD, Bizzotto CS, Ballus CA, Prado MA, Bruns RE, Filho JT, Godoy HT (2010) Optimisation of a CE method for caffeine analysis in decaffeinated coffee. Food Chem 120:1155–1161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivieri AC (2012) Recent advances in analytical calibration with multi-way data. Anal Methods 4:1876–1886

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivieri AC (2014) Analytical figures of merit: from univariate to multiway calibration. Chem Rev 114:5358–5378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olivieri AC, Faber NM (2005) A closed-form expression for computing the sensitivity in second-order bilinear calibration. J Chemom 19:583–592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez RL, Escandar GM (2015) Multivariate calibration-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography with dual UV and fluorimetric detection for the analysis of natural and synthetic sex hormones in environmental waters and sediments. Environ Pollut 209:114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prado MA, Boas LFV, Bronze MR, Godoy HT (2006) Validation of methodology for simultaneous determination of synthetic dyes in alcoholic beverages by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1136:231–236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruxton C (2009) Health aspects of caffeine: benefits and risks. Nurs Stand 24:41–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin JY, Jung MY (2017) Ultra-High-Throughput Analytical Strategy Based on UHPLC-DAD in Combination with Syringe Filtration for the Quantification of 9 Synthetic Colorants in Beverages: Impacts of Syringe Membrane Types and Sample pH on Recovery Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry

  • Soponar F, Moţ AC, Sârbu C (2008) Quantitative determination of some food dyes using digital processing of images obtained by thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1188:295–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swithers SE (2013) Artificial sweeteners produce the counterintuitive effect of inducing metabolic derangements. Trends Endocrinol Metab 24:431–441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tauler R (1995) Multivariate curve resolution applied to second order data. Chemometr Intell Lab Syst 30:133–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasik A, Mccourt J, Buchgraber M (2007) Simultaneous determination of nine intense sweeteners in foodstuffs by high performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection--development and single-laboratory validation. J Chromatogr A 1157:187–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu HL, Shibukawa M, Oguma K (1998) An alternating trilinear decomposition algorithm with application to calibration of HPLC–DAD for simultaneous determination of overlapped chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chemometr 12:1–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang SX, Kang C, Xie LX, Yin XL, Gu HW, Yu RQ (2015) Fast quantitative analysis of four tyrosine kinase inhibitors in different human plasma samples using three-way calibration-assisted liquid chromatography with diode array detection. J Sep Sci 38:2781–2788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yin X-L, Wu HL, Gu HW, Hu Y, Wang L, Xia H, Xiang SX, Yu RQ (2016) Chemometrics-assisted high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection strategy to solve varying interfering patterns from different chromatographic columns and sample matrices for beverage analysis. J Chromatogr A 1435:75–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yin X-L, Wu HL, Gu HW, Zhang XH, Sun YM, Hu Y, Liu L, Rong QM, Yu RQ (2014) Chemometrics-enhanced high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection strategy for simultaneous determination of eight co-eluted compounds in ten kinds of Chinese teas using second-order calibration method based on alternating trilinear decomposition algorithm. J Chromatogr A 1364:151–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa K, Saito S, Sakuragawa A (2011) Simultaneous analysis of acidulants and preservatives in food samples by using capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection. Food Chem 127:1385–1390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Wu H-L, Xia A-L, Hu L-H, Zou H-F, Yu R-Q (2007) Trilinear decomposition method applied to removal of three-dimensional background drift in comprehensive two-dimensional separation data. J Chromatogr A 1167:178–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21575039 and No. 21775039) and the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of NSFC (Grant No. 21521063).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China

    Xiao-Dong Sun, Hai-Long Wu, Yue Chen, Qian Liu, Yu-Jie Ding & Ru-Qin Yu

  2. Institute of Quality and Standards for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China

    Zhi Liu

Authors
  1. Xiao-Dong Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hai-Long Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhi Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yue Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Qian Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yu-Jie Ding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ru-Qin Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hai-Long Wu.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of Interest

Xiaodong Sun declares that he has no conflict of interest. Hailong Wu declares that he has no conflict of interest. Zhi Liu declares that he has no conflict of interest. Yue Chen declares that she has no conflict of interest. Qian Liu declares that she has no conflict of interest. Yujie Ding declares that she has no conflict of interest. Ruqin Yu declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed Consent

Not applicable.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 351 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sun, XD., Wu, HL., Liu, Z. et al. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Multi-Class Food Additives in Beverages for Quality Control by Using HPLC-DAD and Chemometrics Methods. Food Anal. Methods 12, 381–393 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-018-1370-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-018-1370-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation