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Benign Biological Interventions to Reduce Offending

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Abstract

A considerable body of evidence now documents, beyond reasonable doubt, biological and health risk factors for crime and violence. Nevertheless, intervention and prevention efforts with offenders have avoided biological interventions, in part due to past misuses of biological research and the challenges that biological predispositions to crime raise. This article reviews the empirical literature on two biological intervention approaches, omega-3 supplementation and transcranial direct current stimulation. Emerging research on these relatively benign interventions suggests that increased omega-3 intake through dietary intervention and prefrontal upregulation using non-invasive brain stimulation may show some initial promise in reducing antisocial behavior. The ethical issues related to mandated and offered biological interventions within the criminal justice system are discussed.

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Notes

  1. “Suppose that offenders could be held in institutions that placed serious and constant constraints on free movement and association, but otherwise exposed offenders to no greater risks to their health and security than average members of the unincarcerated society, and took all reasonable steps to safeguard opportunities for political participation, legal representation and education” (p.105) [69].

  2. “I have been developing the argument that if locking offenders in prison for a long period of time is justified, then it’s difficult to see why requiring prisoners to undergo some type of safe and effective neurointervention couldn’t also be acceptable. In many cases neurointervention may be less intrusive and harmful, and potentially more effective in preventing reoffending, which is normally at least one of the purported purposes of incarceration.” [71]

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University, 14 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637332, Singapore

    Olivia Choy

  2. Bioethics Institute Ghent, Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Farah Focquaert

  3. Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Jerry Lee Center of Criminology, 3809 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Adrian Raine

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Correspondence to Olivia Choy.

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Choy, O., Focquaert, F. & Raine, A. Benign Biological Interventions to Reduce Offending. Neuroethics 13, 29–41 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-018-9360-0

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