Abstract
Motor intention/intentionality (MI) has been investigated from many different angles. Some researchers focus on the purely physical and mechanical aspects of the human motor system, while others emphasize the subjectivity involved in intentionality. While bridging this seemingly dualistic gap between the two concepts ought to be the researcher’s’ main task, different schools of thought have instead specialized in stressing one (objective) or the other (subjective) part of this construct. Thus, we find everything from neuroscientific to phenomenologically inspired approaches to MI. The purpose of this article is to review the literature regarding these different approaches to the MI construct. In reviewing the literature, we introduce a broadened conception of associationism. In organizing our data in relation to the laws of association, a lack of methodology clearly manifests itself. Hence, 123 articles out of 143 meet the criteria of our definition of associationism. It seems that this old doctrine sneaks in to a big part of the research rather implicitly through a lack of methodology. To shed light on how this happens in the 123 articles, we develop a continuum to show to which extend associationism operates on a transcendent or substantial level in each article. We find only very few articles that seem to try to gap the bridge between motor and intention/intentionality, and thus we suggest that future MI research reintroduce methodological debates concerning the conceptual character of this construct.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerley, R., & Kavounoudias, A. (2015). The role of tactile afference in shaping motor behaviour and implications for prosthetic innovation. Neuropsychologia, 79(2015), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.024.
Adolph, K.E. et al (2005). Physical and Motor Development. In Developmental science: An advanced textbook., 223–81. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Althusser, L. (1990) Philosophy and the spontaneous philosophy of the scientists & other essays.
Aristotle. (2001). Aristotles on the soul. London: Green Lion Press.
Aristotle, Bloch, D.K., (2006): Aristotle, De Memoria et Reminiscentia. Text, Translation and Interpretive Essays. Ph.D. thesis, Københavns Universitet.
Baron-Cohen S., Tager-Flusberg H., Lombardo M., (2000); Understanding Other Minds. Perspectives from developmental social neuroscience. 1. ed. Oxford Books.
Bastian, H. C. (1888). The ‘muscular sense’; its nature and cortical localisation. Brain, 10, 1–137.
Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. University of Chicago Press.
Becchio, C., Manera, V., Sartori, L., Cavallo, A., & Castiello, U. (2012). Grasping intentions: From thought experiments to empirical evidence. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 117. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00117.
Boland, A., Cherry, M. G., & Dickson, R. (2014). Doing a systematic review: A students guide. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Boulay, C. B., Pieper, F., Leavitt, M., Martinez-Trujillo, J., & Sachs, A. J. (2015). Single-trial decoding of intended eye movement goals from lateral prefrontal cortex neural ensembles. Journal of Neurophysiology, 115, 486–499. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00788.2015.
Brandone, A.C. (2015). “Infants’ social and motor experience and the emerging understanding of intentional actions”. Developmental Psychology 51, nr. 4: 512–523. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038844.
Brandone, A.C. & Wellman, H.M. (2009). “You can’t always get what you want: Infants understand failed goal-directed actions”. Psychological Science 20, nr. 1: 85–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02246.x.
Brentano, F. (1874). Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte. Leipzig: Verlag Duncker & Humblot, s. 115/116.
Brownell, C.A., Svetlova, M, & Nichols, S.R. (2011). Emergence and early development of the body image, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139019484.004.
Butterworth, G., & Hopkins, B. (1988). Hand-mouth coordination in the new-born baby. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(4), 303–314.
Casartelli, L., & Molteni, M. (2014). Where there is a goal, there is a way: What, why and how the parieto-frontal mirror network can mediate imitative behaviours. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 47(2014), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.004.
Cignetti, F., Chabeauti, P. Y., Sveistrup, H., Vaugoyeau, M., & Assaiante, C. (2013). Updating process of internal models of action as assessed from motor and postural strategies in children. Neuroscience, 233, 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.040.
Cloonan, T.F. (2012). “Moves and countermoves.” PsycCRITIQUES 57, nr. 17 (2012). http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2012-08239-001&site=ehost-live.
Cole, J. (2007). The phenomenology of agency and intention in the face of paralysis and insentience. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 6(3), 309–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-007-9051-5.
Dalenoort, G.J. (1997). “In search of control variables: A systems approach.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, nr. 4: 772.
De Jong, B. M. (2011). Neurology of widely embedded free will. Cortex, 47, 1160–1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.06.011.
De Raeymaecker, D. M. (2006). Psychomotor development and psychopathology in childhood. International Review of Neurobiology, 72, 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(05)72005-5.
Delafield-Butt, J.T., & Gangopadhyay, N. (2013). “Sensorimotor intentionality: The origins of intentionality in prospective agent action”. Developmental Review 33, nr. 4: 399–425. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2013.09.001.
Delafield-Butt, J. T., & Trevarthen, C. (2015a). The ontogenesis of narrative: From moving to meaning. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01157.
Desmurget, M. (2013). “Searching for the neural correlates of conscious intention.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, nr. 6: 830–833.
Desmurget, M. & Sirigu, A. (2009).“A parietal-premotor network for movement intention and motor awareness.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, nr. 10: 411–419.
Donnarumma, F., Dindo, H., & Pezzulo, G. (2017). Sensorimotor Coarticulation in the execution and recognition of intentional actions. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00237.
Dosso, J. A., & Boudreau, J. P. (2014). Crawling and walking infants encounter objects differently in a multi-target environment. Experimental Brain Research, 232, 3047–3054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-3984-z.
Elsner, B. (2007). “Infants’ imitation of goal-directed actions: The role of movements and action effects.” Acta Psychologica 124, nr. 1: 44–59.
Engelsted, N. (1984). Springet fra dyr til menneske – en argumentationsskitse. København: Dansk psykologisk Forlag.
Engelsted, N. (1989). Personlighedens almene grundlag I & II. In Århus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.
Engelsted, N. (2017). Catching up with Aristotle. Berlin: Springer.
Español, S. (2007). Time and movement in symbol formation. In The Cambridge handbook of sociocultural psychology (pp. 238–256). Argentina: Cambridge University Press.
Falck-Ytter, T., Gredebäck, G., Hofsten, C.V. (2006). “Infants predict other people’s action goals.” Nature Neuroscience 9, nr. 7: 878–879.
Feldman A. & Levin, Mindy, F., 1995. The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):723.
Feldman A. & Levin, Mindy F., 1997. (Author Response) Control variables in movement production: An experimentally derived concept. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, nr. 4: 773.
Field, H. (1978). Mental representation. Erkenntnis, 13(1), 9–61.
Fogel, A. (1992). Movement and communication in human infancy: The social dynamics of development. Human Movement Science, 11, 387–423.
Frith, C.D. (2014). “Action, agency and responsibility”. Neuropsychologia 55, nr. 1: 137–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.007.
Gattis, M. (2002). Goal-directed imitation. In The imitative mind: Development, evolution and brain bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gergely, G., & Csibra, G. (1997 May). (1997). Teleological reasoning in infancy: The infant's naive theory of rational action. Cognition, 63(2), 227–233.
Gibson, J. J. (1977). The theory of affordances (pp. 67–82). In R. Shaw & J. Bransford (Eds.), Perceiving, acting, and knowing: Toward an ecological psychology. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gleick, J. (1989). Chaos: Making a new science. Viking Books.
Goldberg, G. (1985). “Supplementary motor area structure and function: Review and hypotheses”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, nr. 4: 567–588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045167.
Gould, S. J. (2002). The structure of evolutionary theory. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Guggisberg, A. G., & Mottaz, A. (2013). Timing and awareness of movement decisions: Does consciousness really come too late? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 385. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00385.
Gutteling, T. P., Petridou, N., Dumoulin, S. O., Harvey, B. M., Aarnoutse, E. J., & Kenemans, J. L. (2015). Action preparation shapes processing in early visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 6472–6480. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1358-14.2015.
Haggard, P. (2005). “Conscious intention and motor cognition.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9, nr. 6: 290–295.
Haggard, P., & Cole, J. (2007). “Intention, attention and the temporal experience of action”. Consciousness and Cognition 16, nr. 2: 211–220. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2006.07.002.
Haggard, P., Clark, S., & Kalogeras, J. (2002). Voluntary action and conscious awareness. Nature Neuroscience, 5(4), 382–385. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn827.
Haggard, P., Sebanz, N., Prinz, W. (2006). Conscious intention and the sense of agency. In Disorders of volition., 69–85. MIT Press.
Hårbøl, K, Schack, J., & Spang-Hanssen, H. (1999). Dansk Fremmedordbog, 2. udg. Gyldendal.
Heyes, C. (2001). “Causes and consequences of imitation.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5, nr. 6: 253–261.
Hommel, B. (2003). Planning and representing intentional action. Thescientificworldjournal, 3, 593–608. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.46.
Horne, P.J., Erjavec, M., & Lovett, V.E. (2009). “The effects of modelling, local stimulus enhancement, and affordance demonstration on the production of object-directed actions in 6-month-old infants”. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 27, nr. 2: 269–281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1348/026151008X297126.
Hurley, S. (2008). “The shared circuits model (SCM): How control, mirroring, and simulation can enable imitation, deliberation, and mindreading.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, nr. 1: 1–22.
Husserl, E. (1892). Philosophische Kritik, vol. 100, pp. 25–50.
Husserl, E. (1929-1935). Zur Phanomenologie der Intersubjektivität. Texte aus dem Nachlass, part 3.
Husserl, E., & Claesges, U. (1973). Ding und Raum, Vorlesungen 1907 (Husserliana Gesammelte Werke 16). Haag: Martinus Nijhoff.
Jeannerod, M. (1997). The cognitive neuroscience of action. Blackwell.
Jeannerod (2006). Motor cognition: What actions tell the self. Oxford University Press.
Jensen, M., Vagnoni, E., Overgaard, M., & Haggard, P. (2014). Experience of action depends on intention, not body movement: An experiment on memory for mens Rea. Neuropsychologia, 55, 122–127.
Katz, H. M. (2002). Escaping gravity: Movie magic and dreams of flying. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 57, 294–304.
Køppe, S. (1998). Videnskabelige modeller. Semiotik, vol. 14.
Køppe S. (2012). En moderat Eklekticisme, Psyke & Logos Nr. 1 Årgang 29.
Køppe, S. (2013), Modalitetter, cognition og sprog. Kropslig og taktil udvikling – en antologi om forskellige sprogmodalitetters muligheder og umuligheder, undersøgt med afsæt i personer med medfødt døvblindhed.
Køppe, S. (2016). Meaning, representations and the preunconscious. The Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, 39(1), 70–79.
Lanska, D. J. (2010). Chapter 33: The history of movement disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 95, 501–546.
Latash, M. L. (2016). Towards physics of neural processes and behavior. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 69, 136–146.
Lew E., et al (2012). Self-paced movement intention detection from human brain signals: Invasive and non-invasive EEG. Conference Proceedings: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society, 2012, 3280–3. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2012.6346665
Lewis, B. J., (1978). Sensory deprivation in young children. Child: Care, Health and Development 4, nr. 4: 229–238.
Lewkowicz, D. (2011). The biological implausibility of the nature-nurture dichotomy and what it means for the study of infancy. Infancy, 16(4), 331–367.
Lewkowicz, D., Delevoye-Turrell, Y., Bailly, D., Andry, P., & Gaussier, P. (2013). “Reading motor intention through mental imagery.” Adaptive Behavior 21, nr. 5: 315–327.
Libet, B., Wright Jr., E. W., & Gleason, C. A. (1982). Readiness-potentials preceding unrestricted 'spontaneous' vs. pre-planned voluntary acts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 54(3), 322–335.
Mammen, J., & Mironenko, I. (2015). Activity theories and the ontology of psychology: Learning from Danish and Russian experiences. Integrative Psychological Behavioral Science, 49(4), 681–713.
Mandelbaum, E. (2017). "Associationist theories of thought", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Marks, L. E. (1978). The Unity of the senses. Interrelations among the modalities. New-York: Acedemic-press.
Mechsner, F. (1996). “A new theory of cerebellar function.” Connection Science 8, nr. 1: 31–54.
Meltzoff, A.N. (1999). “Origins of theory of mind, cognition and communication”. Journal of Communication Disorders 32, nr. 4: 251–269.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1960). Signes: La perception d'autrui et le dialogue.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Smith, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962.
Moore, J.W. & Obhi, S.S (2012). “Intentional binding and the sense of agency: A review”. Consciousness and Cognition 21, nr. 1: 546–561.
Moran, D. (2013). Let's look at it Objectively': Why phenomenology cannot be naturalized. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 72, 89–115.
Oberg, G. K., Blanchard, Y., & Obstfelder, A. (2014). Therapeutic encounters with preterm infants: Interaction, posture and movement. Physiotherapy Theory & Practice, 30, 1–5.
Pachoud, B., Petitot, J., Varela, F.J. (1999). “The teleological dimension of perceptual and motor intentionality.” I naturalizing phenomenology: Issues in contemporary phenomenology and cognitive science., 196–219. Stanford University Press.
Papoušek, H. & Papoušek, M. (1992). “Movement: Modern dance and traditional steps: Reaction to Fogel, 1992.” Human Movement Science 11, nr. 4: 461–468.
Petit, J.L., Grammont, F., Legrand, D., Livet, P. (2010). “Intention in phenomenology and neuroscience: Intentionalizing kinesthesia as an operator of constitution.” I naturalizing intention in action., 269–92. MIT Press.
Phillips, A.T., & Wellman, H.M (2005). “Infants’ understanding of object-directed action”. Cognition 98, nr. 2: 137–155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2004.11.005.
Pierre, J. (2014). "Intentionality", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Pitt, D. (2017) Mental representation, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
Polanyi, M. (1966). The tacit dimension. University of Chicago Press.
Ragans, V. (2008). Anvendeligheden af en intentionsbaseret teori om motorikken i spædbarnspsykologien. Psyke & Logos 29, nr. 2: 451–470.
Rosenbaum, D.A., Krist, H., Heuer, H., Keele, S.W. (1996). “Antecedents of action.” I handbook of perception and action, Vol. 2: Motor skills., 3–69. Academic press,
Salvaris, M., & Haggard, P. (2014). Decoding intention at sensorimotor timescales. PLoS One, 9, e85100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085100.
Sandamirskaya, Y., Zibner, S.K.U., Schneegans, S., & Schöner, G. (2013). Using dynamic field theory to extend the embodiment stance toward higher cognition”. New Ideas in Psychology 31, nr. 3: 322–339.
Schwartz, A. B. (2016). Movement: How the brain communicates with the world. Cell, 164, 1122–1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.038.
Searl, J. (1983). Intentionality: An essay in the philosophy of mind. Cambridge University press.
Searl, J. (1995). The construction of social reality. London Penguin Books. p. 14–29.
Sheets-Johnstone, M. (1999). Primacy of movement. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publ.
Sherrington, C. S. (1907). On the proprioceptive system, especially in its reflex aspect. Brain, 29(4), 467–485.
Shibasaki, H., & Hallett, M. (2006). What is the Bereitschaftspotential? Clinical Neurophysiology, 117, 2341–2356.
Silvers, S. (1991). On naturalizing the semantics of mental representation. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 42(March), 49–73.
Solomon, H.Y., & Turvey, M.T (1988). “Haptically perceiving the distances reachable with hand-held objects”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 14, nr. 3: 404–427.
Spencer, H. (1890). The principles of Psychology. Vol. 1. 3. Ed. Publication date 1896, Williams and Norgate London.
Stern, D. N. (2008). In ) (Ed.), The interpersonal world of the infant: a view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. London: American Psychoanalytic Association.
Thelen, E. (1991). Timing in motor development as emergent process and product. Advances in Psychology 81, nr. C: 201–211.
Thelen, E., Corbetta, D., Kamm, K., Spencer, J. P., Schneider, K., & Zernicke, R. F. (1993). The transition to reaching: Mapping intention and intrinsic dynamics. Child Development, 64(4), 1058–1098.
Tomasello, M. & Call, J. (1997). Primate Cognition. Oxford University Press.
Torres, E. B. (2016). Rethinking the study of volition for clinical use. Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology, 957, 229–254 Trans. Gregory Elliot. Radical Thinkers.
Trevarthen, C., & Delafield-Butt, J. T. (2013). Autism as a developmental disorder in intentional movement and affective engagement. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 7.
Trimble, M.R. (2016). The intentional brain: Motion, emotion, and the development of modern neuropsychiatry. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Tudge, J., Shanahan, M.J., & Valsiner, J. (1997). Comparisons in human development: Understanding time and context. Cambridge Studies.
Valsiner, J. (1986). The individual subject and scientific psychology (perspectives on individual differences). New York: Plenum Press.
Valsiner, J. (2000). Culture and human development.
Valsiner, J. (2007). Gilbert Gottlieb’s theory of probabilistic epigenesis: Probabilities and realities in development. Developmental Psychobiology, 49(8), 832–840. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20276.
Valsiner, J. (2017). From methodology to methods in human psychology. Berlin: Springer.
Warren, H. (1921). A history of the association psychology. Charles Scribner's Sons.
Wilmut, K., Byrne, M., & Barnett, A. L. (2013). To throw or to place: Does onward intention affect how a child reaches for an object? Experimental Brain Research, 226, 421–429.
Windelband W. (1894). History and Natural Science. p. 1–18. Theory & Psychology. 1998 Sage Puplications. Vol. 8(1):5–22.
Winegar, L. (1996). Developmental research and comparative perspectives: Applications to developmental sciences in comparisons in human development.
Zhong, J.Y. (2016). “What does neuroscience research tell us about human consciousness? An overview of Benjamin Libet’s legacy.” Journal of Mind and Behavior 37, nr. 3–4: 287–310.
Zhu, J. (2003). Reclaiming volition: An alternative interpretation of Libets experiment. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10(11), 61–77.
Acknowledgements
This article is the result of a joint work carried out by Denis Ebbesen (Instructor in Developmental Psychology, UCPH) and Jeppe Olsen (Instructor in Philosophy of Science, UCPH), under the generous supervision of Professor Simo Køppe, UCPH, Department of Psychology, whom we would like to thank.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Human and Animal Studies
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ebbesen, D., Olsen, J. Motor Intention/Intentionality and Associationism - A conceptual review. Integr. psych. behav. 52, 565–594 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-018-9441-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-018-9441-y