Abstract
This paper assesses the impact of energy-efficient distribution transformers through the implementation of energy efficiency classes, as well as through mandatory standards that remove the worst transformers from the market. Energy-efficient distribution transformers can not only save about 1 % of all the electricity generated but can also save very large investments in power generation and transmission power systems. Technical solutions to reduce energy consumption of transformers are available, but the market penetration of high-efficient transformers is significantly lower than it could be. The paper analyses the main market and regulatory failures and identifies that the introduction of efficiency classes and minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) is the best way to foster energy performance in distribution transformers. Policies and measures supporting energy-efficient distribution transformers around the world are reviewed. The use of Ecodesign methodology do define possible transformer MEPS regulation is discussed for different types of distribution transformers, as well as the associated impacts. Sensitivity analysis in relation to key parameters (load factor and electricity prices) is analyzed. The energy saving potential and the environmental impacts are calculated until the year 2050 in the European Union, as well as at world level. The potential savings in the year 2050 represent about 35 TWh of electricity in Europe, equivalent to about four million tons of reduced CO2 emissions. For the world, the estimated impact in 2050 is about 450 TWh equivalent to about 180 million tons of reduced CO2 emissions.
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Notes
COM (2006) 545 final
Ecodesign Directive Article 15, Point 2(ii).
MEEUP Methodology Report to the European Commission, Methodology Study Eco-design of Energy using Products, VHK, Delt, 28.11.2005.
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Acknowledgments
The findings in this paper results from the study “Impact Assessment study for Power, Distribution and Small Transformers “, for the European Commission in which we had contributions of European Commission, CLASP, T&D Europe, N14 Energy, CENELEC, Hitachi Metals Europe, LEONARDO ENERGY, Eureletric and Ricardo-AEA (UK).
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De Almeida, A., Santos, B. & Martins, F. Energy-efficient distribution transformers in Europe: impact of Ecodesign regulation. Energy Efficiency 9, 401–424 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-015-9365-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-015-9365-z