Abstract
Common domestic solar water heating system usage patterns were investigated by a survey of 55 installations. These usage patterns were modelled by simulation based on the actual occupants' use of boiler or other auxiliary heating control strategies. These strategies were not optimal, as often assumed. The effectiveness of the technology was found to be highly sensitive to the time settings used for auxiliary water heating, and the 65% of solar householders using their boilers in the mornings were found to be forgoing 75% of their potential savings. Additionally, 92% of consumers were found to be small households, whose potential savings were only 23% of those of larger households, which use more hot water. Overall the majority (at least 60%) of the systems surveyed were found to be achieving no more than 6% of their potential savings. Incorporating consideration of Legionella issues, results indicate that if solar thermal technology is to deliver its potential to CO2 reduction targets: solar householders must avoid any use of their auxiliary water heating systems before the end of the main warmth of the day, grants for solar technology should be focused on households with higher hot water demands, and particularly on those that are dependent on electricity for water heating, health and safety requirements for hot water storage must be reviewed and, if possible, required temperatures should be set at a lower level, so that carbon savings from solar water heating may be optimized.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Chris Laughton of the Solar Design Company for support on the use of the simulation software, to David Northrop, Andrew Backhouse and Kit Hill for their insightful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of the manuscript, and to Kei Cheung for the artwork in system diagrams.
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Hill, F., Lynch, H. & Levermore, G. Consumer impacts on dividends from solar water heating. Energy Efficiency 4, 1–8 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-010-9086-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-010-9086-2