Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Observational aspects of tropical mesoscale convective systems over southeast India

  • Published:
Journal of Earth System Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To enhance the knowledge of various physical mechanisms related to the evolution of Tropical Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs), detailed analysis has been performed using suite of observations (weather radar, electric field mill, surface weather station, flux tower, microwave radiometer and wind profilers) available at Gadanki (13.5°N/79.2°E), located over southeast India. Analysis suggests that these systems developed in warm, moist environment associated with large scale low level convergence. Significant variations in cloud to ground (CG) lightning activity indicate the storm electrification. Deep (shallow) vertical extents with high (low) reflectivity and cloud liquid water; dominant upward (downward) motion reveals variant distribution in convective (stratiform) portions. Existence of both +CG and –CG flashes in convective regions, dominant –CG in stratiform regions explains the relation between lightning polarity and rain and cloud type. Sharp changes in surface meteorological variables and variations in surface fluxes are noticed in connection to cold pool of the system. Increase (decrease) in temperature, moisture and equivalent potential temperature (θe) within the boundary layer in convective (stratiform) regions associated with latent heat warming (cooling) of air parcel are apparent. Presence of updrafts and downdrafts in convective region and dominant downdrafts in stratiform regions are evident from vertical velocity measurements. Isentropic upgliding (downgliding) illustrate the existence of isentropic ascents (descent) of air parcels in the storm vicinity. Veering (backing) of wind due to warm (cold) and moist (dry) air advections demonstrated the formation of θe ridge in storm environment. Blend of observations provided considerable insight of electrical, microphysical, thermodynamic, dynamic and kinematic features of MCS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abhilash S, Das S, Kalsi S R, Gupta M D, Kumar K M, George J P, Banerjee S K, Thampi S B and Pradhan D 2007 Assimilation of Doppler Weather Radar observations in the mesoscale model for the prediction of intense rainfall events associated with mesoscale convective systems using 3DVAR; J. Earth Syst. Sci. 116 275–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abhilash S and Mohankumar K 2009 Vertical structure and evolution of a supercell storm: Observations using VHF radar; Int. J. Remote Sens. 30 1441–1454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abhilash S, Mohankumar K, Das S and Kishore Kumar K 2010 Vertical structure of tropical mesoscale convective systems: Observations using VHF radar and cloud resolving model simulations; Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 109 73–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anandan V K, Balmuralidhar P, Rao P B and Jain A R 1996 A method for adaptive moments estimation technique applied to MST radar echoes. Progress in electromagnetic research symposium. Telecommunication Research Center, City University of Hong Kong.

  • Augustine J A and Zipser E J 1987 The use of wind profilers in a mesoscale experiment; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 68 4–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beringer J and Tapper N 2002 Surface energy exchanges and interactions with thunderstorms during the Maritime Continent Thunderstorm Experiment (MCTEX); J. Geophys. Res. 4552 107(D21), https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001431.

  • Byers H R and Braham R R 1949 The thunderstorm: Report of the Thunderstorm Project, US Government Printing Office.

  • Carter D A, Ecklund W L, Mcafee J R, Gage K S, Keenan T and Manton M 1991 Results from the first year of observations using the Darwin VHF wind profiler; Preprints. 25th International Conference on Radar Meteorology, Paris, France (Boston: American Meteorological Society), pp. 288–291.

  • Calhieros A P J and Machado L A T 2014 Cloud and rain liquid water statistics in the CHUVA campaign; Atmos. Res. 144 126–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan P W and Wong K H 2008 Application of microwave radiometer and wind profiler data in the estimation of wind gust associated with intense convective weather; Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.

  • Chan PW and Hon K K 2011 Application of ground-based, multichannel microwave radiometer in the nowcasting of intense convective weather through instability indices of the atmosphere; Meteorol. Z. 20 431–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill D D and Houze Jr R A 1984 Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978; J. Atmos. Sci. 41 933–960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cifelli R and Rutledge S A 1998 Vertical motion, diabatic heating, and rainfall characteristics in north Australia convective systems; Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 124 1133–1162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cimini D, Campos E, Ware R, Albers S, Graziano G, Oreamuno J, Joe P, Koch S, Cober S and Westwater E 2011 Thermodynamic atmospheric profiling during the 2010 Winter Olympics using ground-based microwave radiometry; IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 49 4959–4969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collis S, Protat A, May P T and Williams C 2013 Statistics of storm updraft velocities from TWP-ICE including verification with profiling measurements; J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. 52 1909–1922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotton W R and Anthes R A 1989 Storm and cloud dynamics; Academic Press, Oxford, 280p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das S, Daniel Johnson and Tao W K 1999 Single-column and cloud ensemble model simulations of TOGA-COARE convective systems; J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 77 803–826.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das S, Mohanty U C, Ajit Tyagi, Sikka D R, Joseph P V, Rathore L S, Arjumand Habib, Saraju K B, Kinzang Sonam and Abhijit Sarkar 2014 The SAARC STORM: A coordinated field experiment on severe thunderstorm observations and regional modeling over the South Asian Region; Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 95 603–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLonge M S, Fuentes J D, Chan S, Kucera P A, Joseph E, Gaye A T and Daouda B 2010 Attributes of mesoscale convective systems at the land-ocean transition in Senegal during NASA African monsoon multidisciplinary analyses; J. Geophys. Res. 115 P.D10213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012518.

  • Deshpande S M and Raj P E 2009 UHF wind profiler observations during a tropical pre-monsoon thunderstorm – case study; Atmos. Res. 93 179–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhaka S K, Choudhary R K, Malik S, Shibagaki Y, Yamanaka M D and Fukao S 2002 Observable signatures of a convectively generated wave field over the tropics using Indian MST radar at Gadanki (13.5 N, 79.2 E); Geophys. Res. Lett. 2918 1872–1879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doswell III C A, Brooks H E and Maddox R A 1996 Flash flood forecasting: An ingredient-based methodology; Wea. Forecasting 11 560–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doswell III C A, Ramis C, Romero R and Alonso S 1998 A diagnostic study of three heavy precipitation episodes in the western Mediterranean region; Wea. Forecasting 13 102–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giangrande S E, Collis S, Straka J, Protat A, Williams C and Krueger S 2013a A summary of convective-core vertical velocity properties using ARM UHF wind profilers in Oklahoma; J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. 52 2278–2295, https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-0185.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalakrishnan V, Pawar S D, Murugavel P and Johare K P 2011 Electrical characteristics of thunderstorms in the eastern part of India; J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 73 1876–1882, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2011.04.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guy N, Rutledge S A and Cifelli R 2011 Radar characteristics of continental, coastal, and maritime convection observed during AMMA/NAMMA; Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 137 1241–1256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halverson J B, Rickenbach T, Roy B, Pierce H and Williams E 2002 Environmental characteristics of convective systems during TRMM-LBA; Mon. Wea. Rev. 130 1493–1509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helms C N and Hart R E 2015 The evolution of dropsonde-derived kinematic and thermodynamic structures in developing and non-developing Atlantic tropical convective systems; Mon. Wea. Rev. 143 3109–3135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houze R A and Cheng C-P 1977 Radar characteristics of tropical convection observed during GATE: Mean properties and trends over the summer season; Mon. Wea. Rev. 105 964–980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houze RA 1979 Cloud and precipitation structure of mesoscale systems in GATE. Proceedings, Impact of GATE on Large-scale Numerical Modeling of the Atmosphere and Ocean; Woods Hole, National Academy of Sciences, pp. 100–108.

  • Houze R A and Betts A K 1981 Convection in GATE; Rev. Geophys. 19 541–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houze R A 1982 Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics; J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 60 39–-410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houze Jr RA 1989 Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating; Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 115 425–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houze R A, Rutledge S A, Biggerstaff M I and Smull B F 1989 Interpretation of Doppler weather radar displays in midlatitude mesoscale convective systems; Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 70 608–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houze R A 1993 Cloud Dynamics; Academic Press, 573p.

  • Houze Jr R A 2004 Mesoscale convective systems; Rev. Geophys. 42 RG4003.

  • Hubbert J C, Dixon M, Ellis S M and Meymaris G 2009 Weather radarground clutter. Part I: Identification, modeling, and simulation; J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol. 26 1165–1180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jabouille P, Redelsperger J L and Lafore J P 1996 Modification of surface fluxes by atmospheric convection in the TOGA COARE region; Mon. Wea. Rev. 124 816–837.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson R H and Nicholls M 1983 A compositive analysis of the boundary layer accompanying a tropical squall line; Mon. Wea. Rev. 111 308–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson R H and Hamilton P J 1988 The relationship of surface pressure features to the precipitation and airflow structure of an intense midlatitude squall line; Mon. Wea. Rev. 116 1444–1473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johns R H and Doswell III C A 1992 Severe local storms forecasting; Wea. Forecasting 7 588–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen D P, LeMone M A and Trier SB 1997 Structure and evolution of the 22 February 1993 TOGA COARE squall line: Aircraft observations of precipitation, circulation, and surface energy fluxes; J. Atmos. Sci. 54 1961–1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph P V 2009 Local severe storms; Mausam 60 139–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim H W and Lee D K 2006 An observational study of mesoscale convective systems with heavy rainfall over the Korean peninsula; Wea. Forecasting 21 125–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knupp K, Ware R, Cimni D, Vandenberghe F, Vivekanandan J, Westwater E and Coleman T 2009 Ground-based passive microwave profiling during dynamic weather conditions; J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 26 1057–1072.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar K K, Jain A R and Narayana Rao D 2005 VHF/UHF radar observations of tropical mesoscale convective systems over southern India; Ann. Geophys. 23 1673–1683.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagouvardos K, Kotroni V, Defer E and Bousquet O 2013 Study of a heavy precipitation event over southern France, in the frame of HYMEX project: Observational analysis and model results using assimilation of lightning; Atmos. Res. 134 45–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang T J, Miller L J, Weisman M and Rutledge S A 2004 The severe thunderstorm electrification and precipitation study; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 5 1107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latha R and Murthy B S 2011 Boundary layer signatures of consecutive thunderstorms as observed by Doppler sodar over western India; Atmos. Res. 99 230–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurent H, Machado L A, Morales C A and Durieux L 2002 Characteristics of the Amazonian mesoscale convective systems observed from satellite and radar during the WETAMC/LBA experiment; J. Geophys. Res. 107(D20) 8054, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leary C A and Houze Jr R A 1979 The structure and evolution of convection in a tropical cloud cluster; J. Atmos. Sci. 36 437–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee K O, Flamant C, Ducrocq V, Duffourg F, Fourrié N and Davolio S 2016 Convective initiation and maintenance processes of two back-building mesoscale convective systems leading to heavy precipitation events in Southern Italy during HyMeX IOP 13; Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 142 2623–2635.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeMone M A, Zipser E J and Trier S B 1998 The role of environmental shear and thermodynamic conditions in determining the structure and evolution of mesoscale convective systems during TOGA COARE; J. Atmos. Sci. 55 3493–3518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litta A J, Mohanty U C, Das S and Idicula S M 2012 Numerical simulation of severe local storms over east India using WRF-NMM mesoscale model; Atmos. Res. 116 161–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddox R A 1980 Mesoscale convective complexes; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 61 1374–1387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madhulatha A, George J P and Rajagopal E N 2017 All-sky radiance simulation of Megha-Tropiques SAPHIR microwave sensor using multiple scattering radiative transfer model for data assimilation applications; J. Earth. Sys. Sci. 126 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madhulatha A, Rajeevan M, Venkat Ratnam, M, Bhate J and Naidu CV 2013 Nowcasting severe convective activity over southeast India using ground-based microwave radiometer observations; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madhulatha A and Rajeevan M 2018 Impact of different parameterization schemes on simulation of mesoscale convective system over south-east India; Meteor. Atmos. Phys. 130 49–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madhulatha A, Rajeevan M, Bhowmik S R and Das A K 2018 Impact of assimilation of conventional and satellite radiance GTS observations on simulation of mesoscale convective system over southeast India using WRF-3DVar; Pure Appl. Geophys. 175 479–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mapes E B, Warner T T and Xu M 2003 Diurnal patterns of rainfall in northwestern South America. Part 3: Diurnal gravity waves and nocturnal convection offshore; Mon. Wea. Rev. 131 830–844.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsham J H, Trier S B, Weckwerth T M and Wilson J W 2011 Observations of elevated convection initiation leading to a surface-based squall line during 13 June IHOP_2002; Mon. Wea. Rev. 139 247–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moncrieff MW 2010 The multiscale organization of moist convection at the intersection of weather and climate. Why does climate vary? Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 189, Am. Geophys. Union, pp. 3–26.

  • Moore T J, Glass F H, Graves C E, Rochette S M and Singer M J 2003 The environment of warm season elevated thunderstorms associated with heavy rainfall over the central United States; Wea. Forecasting 18 861–878.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore J T 1987 Isentropic analysis and interpretation: Operational applications to synoptic and mesoscale forecast problem, Air Weather Service Tech. Note. AWS-TN-87-002, 85p. [Available from USAF, ETAC, Scott Air Force Base, IL 62225-5458].

  • Mukhopadhyay P, Singh H A K and Singh S S 2005 Two severe Nor’westers in April 2003 over Kolkata, India using Doppler radar observations and satellite imageries; Weather 60 343–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker M D and Johnson R H 2004 Structures and dynamics of quasi-2D mesoscale convective systems; J. Atmos. Sci. 61 545–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson W A and Rutledge S A 1998 On the relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning and convective rainfall; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 103 14,025–14,040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons D, Dabberdt W, Cole H, Hock T, Martin C, Barrett A L, Miller E, Spowart M, Howard M, Ecklund W and Carter D 1994 The integrated sounding system: Description and preliminary observations from TOGA COARE; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 75 553–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghavan S 2013 Radar meteorology (Vol. 27); Springer Science & Business Media.

  • Rajesh Rao P, Kalyana Sundaram S, Thampi S B, Suresh R and Gupta J P 2004 An overview of first Doppler Weather Radar inducted in the cyclone detection network of India Meteorological Department; Mausam 55 155–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajeevan M, Kesarkar A, Thampi S B, Rao T N, Radhakrishna B and Rajasekhar M 2010 Sensitivity of WRF cloud microphysics to simulations of a severe thunderstorm event over southeast India; Ann. Geophys. 28 603–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramis C, Romero R and Homar V 2009 The severe thunderstorm of 4 October 2007 in Mallorca: An observational study; Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 9 1237–1245, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1237-2009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao P B, Jain A R, Kishore P, Balamuralidhar P and Damle S H 1995 1. System description and sample vector wind measurements; Radio. Sci. 30 1125–1138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen K L and Houze Jr R A 2011 Orogenic convection in South America as seen by the TRMM satellite; Mon. Wea. Rev. 139 2399–2420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratnam M V, Santhi Y D, Rajeevan M and Rao S V B 2013 Diurnal variability of stability indices observed using radiosonde observations over a tropical station: Comparison with microwave radiometer measurements; Atmos. Res. 124 21–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rienecker M M, Suarez M J, Gelaro R, Todling R, Bacmeister J, Liu E, Bosilovich E G, Schubert S D, Takacs L, Kim G K, Bloom S, Chen J, Collins D, Conaty A, da Silva A et al 2011 MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications; J. Climat. 24 3624–3648. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge S A and MacGorman D R 1988 Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in the 10–11 June 1985 mesoscale convective system observed during the Oklahoma–Kansas PRE-STORM project; Mon. Wea. Rev. 116 1393–1408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge S A, Houze R A, Heymsfield A J and Biggerstaff M I 1988 Dual-Doppler and airborne microphysical observations in the stratiform region of the 10–11 June MCS over Kansas during PRE-STORM. Preprints, 10th Int. Cloud Physics Conf, Bad Homburg, Germany, Deutscher Wetterdienst, pp. 702–704.

  • Shaw N and Austin E 1930 Manual of meteorology; vol. 3: the physical processes of weather.

  • Srinivasulu P, Yasodha P, Kamaraj P, Rao T N, Jayaraman A, Reddy S N and Satyanarayana S 2012 1280-MHz active array radar wind profiler for lower atmosphere: System description and data validation; J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 29 1455–1470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thapliyal P K, Shukla M V, Shah S, Joshi P C, Pal P K and Ajil K S 2011 An algorithm for the estimation of upper tropospheric humidity from Kalpana observations: Methodology and validation; J. Geophys. Res. 116 D01108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd014291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyagi A, Sikka D R, Goyal S and Bhowmick M 2012 A satellite-based study of pre-monsoon thunderstorms (nor’westers) over eastern India and their organization into mesoscale convective complexes; Mausam 63 29–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyagi B, Satyanarayana A N V and Naresh Krishna V 2013 Thermodynamical structure of atmosphere during pre-monsoon thunderstorm season over Kharagpur as revealed by STORM data; Pure Appl. Geophys. 170 675–687, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-012-0566-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J J 2004 Evolution and structure of the mesoscale convection and its environment: A case study during the early onset of the southeast Asian summer monsoon; Mon. Wea. Rev. 132 1104–1120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wapler K and James P 2015 Thunderstorm occurrence and characteristics in Central Europe under different synoptic conditions; Atmos. Res. 158 231–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware R, Cimini D, Campos E, Giuliani G, Albers S, Nelson M, Koch K E, Joe P and Cober S 2013 Thermodynamic and liquid profiling during the 2010 Winter Olympics; Atmos. Res. 132–133 278–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.05.019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weckwerth T M, Murphey H V, Flamant C, Goldstein J and Pettet C R 2008 An observational study of convection initiation on 12 June 2002 during IHOP_2002; Mon. Wea. Rev. 136 2283–2300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson J W, Crook N A, Mueller C K, Sun J and Dixon M 1998 Nowcasting thunderstorms: A status report; Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 79 2079–2099.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams C R 2012 Vertical air motion retrieved from dual-frequency profiler observations; J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 29 1471–1480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuter S E and Houze Jr R A 1998 The natural variability of precipitating clouds over the western Pacific warm pool; Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 124 53–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C and Yoneyama K 2017 CINDY/DYNAMO field campaign: Advancing our understanding of MJO initiation; In: The global monsoon system, Research and Forecast, pp. 339–348.

  • Zhong L, Mu R, Zhang D, Zhao P, Zhang Z and Wang N 2015 An observational analysis of warm-sector rainfall characteristics associated with the 21 July 2012 Beijing extreme rainfall event; J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120 3274–3291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuluaga M D and Houze Jr RA 2013 Evolution of the population of precipitating convective systems over the equatorial Indian Ocean in active phases of the Madden–Julian oscillation; J. Atmos. Sci. 70 2713–2725, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0311.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) under the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) program sponsored by Department of Space (DOS), India. The first author was funded to carry out her PhD work under this program. Authors gratefully acknowledge Director, NARL for his support and encouragement in providing necessary facilities and observations to carry out this work. The in-situ observational datasets utilized in the present study can be accessed by filling the data request form under data dissemination tab and data services (available data) at https://www.narl.gov.in/. The DWR data can be obtained by requesting Deputy Director General of Meteorology, India Meteorological Department (IMD), Chennai (http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/). Special thanks to technical staff of Doppler Weather Radar Division, IMD, Chennai, India for their support in archiving the DWR data. NASA Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Centre is acknowledged for providing MERRA data (http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/daac-bin/DataHoldings. pl). We would like to thank Dr. Ashim Kumar Mitra, India Meteorological Department (IMD), Delhi for retrieving the Kalpana Satellite Data. We also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive reviews which helped us to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. A Madhulatha

    Present address: Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Seoul, South Korea

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, 517 502, India

    A Madhulatha

  2. Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India

    M Rajeevan

  3. Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    T S Mohan

  4. Doppler Weather Radar Division, India Meteorological Department, Chennai, India

    S B Thampi

Authors
  1. A Madhulatha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M Rajeevan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. T S Mohan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S B Thampi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A Madhulatha.

Additional information

Communicated by N V Chalapathi Rao

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Madhulatha, A., Rajeevan, M., Mohan, T.S. et al. Observational aspects of tropical mesoscale convective systems over southeast India. J Earth Syst Sci 129, 65 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1300-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1300-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation