Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is a growth hormone inhibitory peptide involved in regulation of several physiological responses of cells including neurotransmission, cell migration, maturation, and neurite formation. In the present study, we examined the role of SST in all-trans retinoic acid (RA)–induced progression of neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells. We also determined the morphological and developmental changes in prominent intracellular markers of neurite growth including microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), neuron-specific III β-tubulin (TUJ1), and Tau. Here, we present evidence that SST is a molecular determinant in regulating the transition of SH-SY5Y cells from non-neuronal entity to neuronal phenotype in response to RA. The results from present study reveal that SST changes the distributional pattern of MAP2/Tau and TUJ1, and activates extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathway through SST receptors (SSTRs). The expression of MAP2 and Tau remains elevated upon treatment with RA and SST alone or in combination. Importantly, we identified that the cells displaying strong co-expression of SST and TUJ1 are more likely to bear elongated neurite formation than cells devoid of such expression. These findings show that the site-specific expression of MAP2 and TUJ1 is an essential determinant of neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells in RA-mediated differentiation. Taken together, results presented here further substantiates the role of SST in the promotion of neurite formation and elongation in SH-SY5Y cells in combination with RA. Investigating how SST can improve neurite formation in neurodegenerative disease may help to develop new therapeutic approach in improving cognitive function and memory loss.
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Abbreviations
- Aβ:
-
Beta-amyloid
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- BDNF:
-
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CSF:
-
Cerebrospinal fluid
- DMEM:
-
Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- FBS:
-
Fetal bovine serum
- hCMEC/D3:
-
Human brain microvascular endothelial cells
- HRP:
-
Horseradish peroxidase
- HD:
-
Huntington’s disease
- MAP2:
-
Microtubule-associated protein 2
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MS:
-
Multiple sclerosis
- NGF:
-
Nerve growth factor
- NGS:
-
Normal goat serum
- PBS:
-
Phosphate-buffered saline
- PCNA:
-
Proliferating cell nucleus antigen
- RA:
-
Retinoic acid
- SDS:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SH-SY5Y:
-
Human neuroblastoma cells
- SST:
-
Somatostatin
- SSTR:
-
Somatostatin receptor
- RT:
-
Room temperature
- TUJ1:
-
βIII tubulin
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Acknowledgments
SP is the recipient of CIHR Doctoral Research Award (GSD 134858) and UBC 4 Year Fellowship.
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This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institute of Health Research (MOP 74465) and NSERC (402594-11 and 16-05171) Canada to UK.
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Paik, S., Somvanshi, R.K. & Kumar, U. Somatostatin-Mediated Changes in Microtubule-Associated Proteins and Retinoic Acid–Induced Neurite Outgrowth in SH-SY5Y Cells. J Mol Neurosci 68, 120–134 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-019-01291-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-019-01291-2