Abstract
Detection of the vitality of wounds is one of the most important issues in forensic practice. This study investigated mRNA and protein levels of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in skin wounds in mice and humans. Western blot analysis of CXCL1 and CXCR2 protein levels showed no difference between wounded and intact skin. However, mRNA levels demonstrated higher expression of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in contused mouse and human skin, compared with intact skin. At postmortem there were no remarkable changes in CXCL1 and CXCR2 mRNA levels in contused mouse skin. Increased mRNA expression was observed in contused mouse skin up to 96 h and 72 h after death for CXCL1 and CXCR2 respectively. In human samples of wounded skin, increased CXCL1 mRNA levels were detected up to 48 h after autopsy in all 5 cases, while increased CXCR2 mRNA levels were observed 48 h after autopsy in 4 of 5 cases. These findings suggest that the levels of CXCL1 and CXCR2 mRNA present in contused skin can be used as potential markers for a vital reaction in forensic practice.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kimura A, Ishida Y, Nosaka M, Shiraki M, Hama M, Kawaguchi T, et al. Autophagy in skin wounds: a novel marker for vital reactions. Int J Legal Med. 2015;129:537–41.
Casse JM, Martrille L, Vignaud JM, Gauchotte G. Skin wounds vitality markers in forensic pathology: an updated review. Med Sci Law. 2016;56:128–37.
Tian ZL, Jiang SK, Zhang M, Wang M, Li JY, Zhao R, et al. Detection of satellite cells during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats: time-dependent expressions of Pax7 and MyoD in relation to wound age. Int J Legal Med. 2016;130:163–72.
Jiang SK, Zhang M, Tian ZL, Wang LL, Zhao R, Li SS, et al. The distribution and time-dependent expression of MAGL during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats. Histol Histopathol. 2015;30:1243–54.
Ishida Y, Kimura A, Nosaka M, Kuninaka Y, Shimada E, Yamamoto H, et al. Detection of endothelial progenitor cells in human skin wounds and its application for wound age determination. Int J Legal Med. 2015;129:1049–54.
Ishida Y, Kimura A, Nosaka M, Kuninaka Y, Takayasu T, Eisenmenger W, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis on cyclooxygenase-2 for wound age determination. Int J Legal Med. 2012;126:435–40.
Ishida Y, Kuninaka Y, Nosaka M, Kimura A, Kawaguchi T, Hama M, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis on MMP-2 and MMP-9 for wound age determination. Int J Legal Med. 2015;129:1043–8.
Xu J, Zhao R, Xue Y, Xiao HQ, Sheng Y, Zhao D. RNA-seq profiling reveals differentially expressed genes as potential markers for vital reaction in skin contusion: a pilot study. Forensic Sci Res. 2017:1–8.
Wang Q, Wei LW, Xiao HQ, Xue Y, Du SH, Liu YG, et al. Methamphetamine induces hepatotoxicity via inhibiting cell division, arresting cell cycle and activating apoptosis: in vivo and in vitro studies. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;105:61–72.
Xue Y, Zhao R, Du SH, Zhao D, Li DR, Xu JT, et al. Decreased mRNA levels of cardiac Cx43 and ZO1 in sudden cardiac death related to coronary atherosclerosis: a pilot study. Int J Legal Med. 2016;130:915–22.
Oehmichen M, Gronki T, Meissner C, Anlauf M, Schwark T. Mast cell reactivity at the margin of human skin wounds: an early cell marker of wound survival? Forensic Sci Int. 2009;191:1–5.
Gauchotte G, Wissler MP, Casse JM, Pujo J, Minetti C, Gisquet H, et al. FVIIIra, CD15, and tryptase performance in the diagnosis of skin stab wound vitality in forensic pathology. Int J Legal Med. 2013;127:957–65.
Bonelli A, Bacci S, Norelli GA. Affinity cytochemistry analysis of mast cells in skin lesions: a possible tool to assess the timing of lesions after death. Int J Legal Med. 2003;117:331–4.
Bonelli A, Bacci S, Vannelli B, Norelli A. Immunohistochemical localization of mast cells as a tool for the discrimination of vital and postmortem lesions. Int J Legal Med. 2003;117:14–8.
Schroeder A, Mueller O, Stocker S, Salowsky R, Leiber M, Gassmann M, et al. The RIN: an RNA integrity number for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements. BMC Mol Biol. 2006;7:3.
Du Y, Xu JT, Jin HN, Zhao R, Zhao D, Du SH, et al. Increased cerebral expressions of MMPs, CLDN5, OCLN, ZO1 and AQPs are associated with brain edema following fatal heat stroke. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1691.
Du Y, Jin HN, Zhao R, Zhao D, Xue Y, Zhu BL, et al. Molecular pathology of pulmonary edema in forensic autopsy cases with special regard to fatal methamphetamine intoxication. J Forensic Sci. 2016;61:1531–7.
Wang Q, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, Zhu BL, Guan DW, Maeda H. Molecular pathology of brain matrix metalloproteases, claudin5, and aquaporins in forensic autopsy cases with special regard to methamphetamine intoxication. Int J Legal Med. 2014;128:469–74.
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81401556 and 81601641), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2014A030310504 and 2014A030310293), the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry(No.2015-311), and the Special Foundation of President of School of Public Health of Southern Medical University (Grant No.GW201619).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical approval
This study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the Southern Medical University Institutional Board (Guangzhou, China). All sampling methods were carried out in accordance with regulations of Methods of extraction, fixation, packing and inspection of forensic pathology of The People’s Republic of China Public Safety Industry Standard (GA/T 148–1996) and Forensic pathology materials extraction, fixed operating instructions of Southern Medical University (NYSJ-JS-BL04).
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(xlsx 12.6 KB)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
He, JT., Huang, HY., Qu, D. et al. CXCL1 and CXCR2 as potential markers for vital reactions in skin contusions. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 14, 174–179 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-018-9969-7
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-018-9969-7