Skip to main content
Log in

CXCL1 and CXCR2 as potential markers for vital reactions in skin contusions

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Detection of the vitality of wounds is one of the most important issues in forensic practice. This study investigated mRNA and protein levels of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in skin wounds in mice and humans. Western blot analysis of CXCL1 and CXCR2 protein levels showed no difference between wounded and intact skin. However, mRNA levels demonstrated higher expression of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in contused mouse and human skin, compared with intact skin. At postmortem there were no remarkable changes in CXCL1 and CXCR2 mRNA levels in contused mouse skin. Increased mRNA expression was observed in contused mouse skin up to 96 h and 72 h after death for CXCL1 and CXCR2 respectively. In human samples of wounded skin, increased CXCL1 mRNA levels were detected up to 48 h after autopsy in all 5 cases, while increased CXCR2 mRNA levels were observed 48 h after autopsy in 4 of 5 cases. These findings suggest that the levels of CXCL1 and CXCR2 mRNA present in contused skin can be used as potential markers for a vital reaction in forensic practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kimura A, Ishida Y, Nosaka M, Shiraki M, Hama M, Kawaguchi T, et al. Autophagy in skin wounds: a novel marker for vital reactions. Int J Legal Med. 2015;129:537–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Casse JM, Martrille L, Vignaud JM, Gauchotte G. Skin wounds vitality markers in forensic pathology: an updated review. Med Sci Law. 2016;56:128–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Tian ZL, Jiang SK, Zhang M, Wang M, Li JY, Zhao R, et al. Detection of satellite cells during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats: time-dependent expressions of Pax7 and MyoD in relation to wound age. Int J Legal Med. 2016;130:163–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Jiang SK, Zhang M, Tian ZL, Wang LL, Zhao R, Li SS, et al. The distribution and time-dependent expression of MAGL during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats. Histol Histopathol. 2015;30:1243–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ishida Y, Kimura A, Nosaka M, Kuninaka Y, Shimada E, Yamamoto H, et al. Detection of endothelial progenitor cells in human skin wounds and its application for wound age determination. Int J Legal Med. 2015;129:1049–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ishida Y, Kimura A, Nosaka M, Kuninaka Y, Takayasu T, Eisenmenger W, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis on cyclooxygenase-2 for wound age determination. Int J Legal Med. 2012;126:435–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ishida Y, Kuninaka Y, Nosaka M, Kimura A, Kawaguchi T, Hama M, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis on MMP-2 and MMP-9 for wound age determination. Int J Legal Med. 2015;129:1043–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Xu J, Zhao R, Xue Y, Xiao HQ, Sheng Y, Zhao D. RNA-seq profiling reveals differentially expressed genes as potential markers for vital reaction in skin contusion: a pilot study. Forensic Sci Res. 2017:1–8.

  9. Wang Q, Wei LW, Xiao HQ, Xue Y, Du SH, Liu YG, et al. Methamphetamine induces hepatotoxicity via inhibiting cell division, arresting cell cycle and activating apoptosis: in vivo and in vitro studies. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;105:61–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Xue Y, Zhao R, Du SH, Zhao D, Li DR, Xu JT, et al. Decreased mRNA levels of cardiac Cx43 and ZO1 in sudden cardiac death related to coronary atherosclerosis: a pilot study. Int J Legal Med. 2016;130:915–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Oehmichen M, Gronki T, Meissner C, Anlauf M, Schwark T. Mast cell reactivity at the margin of human skin wounds: an early cell marker of wound survival? Forensic Sci Int. 2009;191:1–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gauchotte G, Wissler MP, Casse JM, Pujo J, Minetti C, Gisquet H, et al. FVIIIra, CD15, and tryptase performance in the diagnosis of skin stab wound vitality in forensic pathology. Int J Legal Med. 2013;127:957–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bonelli A, Bacci S, Norelli GA. Affinity cytochemistry analysis of mast cells in skin lesions: a possible tool to assess the timing of lesions after death. Int J Legal Med. 2003;117:331–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bonelli A, Bacci S, Vannelli B, Norelli A. Immunohistochemical localization of mast cells as a tool for the discrimination of vital and postmortem lesions. Int J Legal Med. 2003;117:14–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Schroeder A, Mueller O, Stocker S, Salowsky R, Leiber M, Gassmann M, et al. The RIN: an RNA integrity number for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements. BMC Mol Biol. 2006;7:3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Du Y, Xu JT, Jin HN, Zhao R, Zhao D, Du SH, et al. Increased cerebral expressions of MMPs, CLDN5, OCLN, ZO1 and AQPs are associated with brain edema following fatal heat stroke. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1691.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Du Y, Jin HN, Zhao R, Zhao D, Xue Y, Zhu BL, et al. Molecular pathology of pulmonary edema in forensic autopsy cases with special regard to fatal methamphetamine intoxication. J Forensic Sci. 2016;61:1531–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang Q, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, Zhu BL, Guan DW, Maeda H. Molecular pathology of brain matrix metalloproteases, claudin5, and aquaporins in forensic autopsy cases with special regard to methamphetamine intoxication. Int J Legal Med. 2014;128:469–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81401556 and 81601641), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2014A030310504 and 2014A030310293), the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry(No.2015-311), and the Special Foundation of President of School of Public Health of Southern Medical University (Grant No.GW201619).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Xiao-Li Xie or Qi Wang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical approval

This study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the Southern Medical University Institutional Board (Guangzhou, China). All sampling methods were carried out in accordance with regulations of Methods of extraction, fixation, packing and inspection of forensic pathology of The People’s Republic of China Public Safety Industry Standard (GA/T 148–1996) and Forensic pathology materials extraction, fixed operating instructions of Southern Medical University (NYSJ-JS-BL04).

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(xlsx 12.6 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

He, JT., Huang, HY., Qu, D. et al. CXCL1 and CXCR2 as potential markers for vital reactions in skin contusions. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 14, 174–179 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-018-9969-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-018-9969-7

Keywords

Navigation