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Heat Shock Proteins and their Protective Roles in Stem Cell Biology

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Abstract

Stem cells (SCs) are discovered long back but the idea that SCs possess therapeutic potential came up just a few decades back. In a past decade stem cell therapy is highly emerged and displayed tremendous potential for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and disorders such as blindness and vision impairment, type I diabetes, infertility, HIV, etc. SCs are very susceptible to destruction after transplantation into the host because of the inability to sustain elevated stress conditions inside the damaged tissue/organ. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones/stress proteins expressed in response to stress (elevated temperature, harmful chemicals, ischemia, viruses, etc) inside a living cell. HSPs protect the cell from damage by assisting in the proper folding of cellular proteins. This review briefly summarises different types of HSPs, their classification, cellular functions as well as the role of HSPs in regulating SC self-renewal and survival in the transplanted host. Applications of HSP modulated SCs in regenerative medicine and for the treatment of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction (MI), osteoarthritis, ischemic stroke, spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), leukemia, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are discussed. In order to provide potential insights in understanding molecular mechanisms related to SCs in vertebrates, correlations between HSPs and SCs in cnidarians and planarians are also reviewed. There is a need to advance research in order to validate the use of HSPs for SC therapy and establish effective treatment strategies.

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Abbreviations

SCs:

Stem cells

HSPs:

Heat shock proteins

MI:

Myocardial infarction

SCA3:

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3

GVHD:

Graft-versus-host disease

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

ESCs:

Embryonic stem cells

ASCs:

Adult stem cells

hMSCs:

Human mesenchymal stem cells

HSFs:

Heat shock factors

mESCS:

Mouse embryonic stem cells

NANOG:

Homeobox protein NANOG

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

OCT4:

Octamer-binding transcription factor 4

SOX2:

Sex-determining region Y-box 2

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NSCs:

Neural stem cells

CSCs:

Cancer stem cells

GRP78:

Glucose-regulated protein

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

FGF-2:

Fibroblast growth factors

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

HSCs:

Hematopoietic stem cells

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

LIF:

Leukemia inhibitory factor

17-AAG:

17-N-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin

PDX-1:

Insulin promoter factor 1

SN:

Substantia nigra

CML:

Chronic myeloid leukemia

IPI-504:

Retaspimycin hydrochloride

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  1. Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India

    Pravin Shende, Sayali Bhandarkar & Bala Prabhakar

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Shende, P., Bhandarkar, S. & Prabhakar, B. Heat Shock Proteins and their Protective Roles in Stem Cell Biology. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 15, 637–651 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-019-09903-5

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