Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Growth Performance, Mineral Digestibility, and Blood Characteristics of Ostriches Receiving Drinking Water Supplemented with Varying Levels of Chelated Trace Mineral Complex

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effects of water supplementation of chelated trace minerals (CTM, which is named Bonzaplex designed with chelate compounds technology) on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of minerals, and some blood metabolites, TM, and antioxidant enzyme values in African ostriches were investigated from 8 to 12 months of age. A total of 20 8-month-old ostriches (five birds in five replicate pens) was randomly allocated into one of the following four treatments: (1) control (basal diet + tap water), (2) low CTM (basal diet +100 mg/bird/day CTM powder in tap water), (3) medium CTM (basal diet +1 g/bird/day CTM powder in tap water), and (4) high CTM (basal diet +2 g/bird/day CTM powder in tap water). Compared with control, medium CTM improved (P < 0.05) daily weight gain and ATTD of phosphorous, zinc, and copper in 12-month-old ostriches. Furthermore, the feed conversion ratio was lower, and ATTD of magnesium was higher in the medium- and high-CTM groups than that in the control group (P < 0.05). At the end of the trial, ostriches receiving high-CTM treatment exhibited the lower (P < 0.05) serum triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and higher copper levels compared to those of the control treatment. Supplementation of higher amounts of CTM (medium and high CTM) also increased the activity of serum superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05). No differences were detected for other blood parameters including glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, iron, magnesium, and glutathione peroxidase values. In conclusion, supplementation of CTM at the level of 1 g/bird/day to the drinking water can be recommended for improving growth performance, mineral absorption, and antioxidant status of ostriches fed diets containing the recommended levels of inorganic TM.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Zhao J, Shirley RB, Vazquez-anon M, Dibner JJ, Richards JD, Fisher P, Hampton T, Christensen KD, Allard JP, Giesen AF (2010) Effects of chelated trace minerals on growth performance, breast meat yield, and footpad health in commercial meat broilers. J Appl Poult Res 19:365–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Yuan J, Xu Z, Huang C, Zhou S, Guo Y (2011) Effect of dietary Mintrex-Zn/Mn on performance, gene expression of Zn transfer proteins, activities of Zn/Mn related enzymes and fecal mineral excretion in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 168:72–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Soetan KO, Olaiya CO, Oyewole OE (2010) The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals, and plants: a review. Afr J Food Sci 4:200–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Brand T, Olivier A (2011) Ostrich nutrition and welfare. In: Glatz PC, Lunam C, Malecki I (eds) The welfare of farmed ratites. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 91–109

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Underwood EJ, Suttle N (1999) The mineral nutrition of livestock, 3rd edn. CAB Int, Wallingford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Nollet L, van der Klis JD, Lensing M, Spring P (2007) The effect of replacing inorganic with organic trace minerals in broiler diets on productive performance and mineral excretion. J Appl Poult Res 16:592–597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bao YM, Choct M, Iji PA, Bruerton K (2007) Effect of organically complexed copper, iron, manganese and zinc on broiler performance, mineral excretion and accumulation in tissues. J Appl Poult Res 16:448–455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mohebbifar A, Torki M, Ghasemi HA (2015) Effect of phytase supplementation of diets with different levels of rice bran and non-phytate phosphorus on productive performance, egg quality traits, leukocytes profile and serum lipids of laying hens reared indoor under high environmental temperature. Anim Feed Sci Technol 207:222–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Yenice E, Mızrak C, Gültekin M, Atik Z, Tunca M (2015) Effects of organic and inorganic forms of manganese, zinc, copper, and chromium on bioavailability of these minerals and calcium in late-phase laying hens. Biol Trace Elem Res 167:300–307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mondal MK, Das TK, Biswas P, Samanta CC, Bairagi B (2007) Influence of dietary inorganic and organic copper salt and level of soybean oil on plasma lipids, metabolites and mineral balance of broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 139:212–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dobrzanski Z, Korczynskr M, Chojnacka K, Gorecki H, Opalinski S (2008) Influence of organic forms of copper, manganese and iron on bioaccumulation of these metals and zinc in laying hens. J Elem 13:309–319

    Google Scholar 

  12. Salim H, Lee H, Jo C, Lee S, Lee B (2012) Effect of dietary zinc proteinate supplementation on growth performance, and skin and meat quality of male and female broiler chicks. Br Poult Sci 53:116–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ivanišinová O, Grešáková Ľ, Ryzner M, Oceľová V, Čobanová K (2016) Effects of feed supplementation with various zinc sources on mineral concentration and selected antioxidant indices in tissues and plasma of broiler chickens. Acta Vet Brno 85:285–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Bao YM, Choct M (2009) Trace mineral nutrition for broiler chickens and prospects of application of organically complexed trace minerals: a review. Anim Prod Sci 49:269–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sahraei M, Janmmohamdi H, Taghizadeh A, Moghadam GA, Rafat SA (2013) Estimation of the relative bioavailability of several zinc sources for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet. J Poult Sci 50:53–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Brooks MA, Grimes JL, Lloyd KE, Valdez F, Spears JW (2012) Relative bioavailability in chicks of manganese from manganese propionate. J Appl Poult Res 21:126–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu Y, Ma YL, Zhao JM, Vazquez-Añón M, Stein HH (2014) Digestibility and retention of zinc, copper, manganese, iron, calcium, and phosphorus in pigs fed diets containing inorganic or organic minerals. J Anim Sci 92:3407–3415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Salami SA, Oluwatosin OO, Oso AO, Fafiolu AO, Sogunle OM, Jegede AV, Bello FA, Pirgozliev V (2016) Bioavailability of cu, Zn and Mn from mineral chelates or blends of inorganic salts in growing turkeys fed with supplemental riboflavin and/or pyridoxine. Biol Trace Elem Res 173:168–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Brand TS, Tesselaar GA, Hoffman LC, Brand Z (2014) The effect of different dietary vitamin and mineral levels on certain production parameters, including egg shell characteristics of breeding ostriches. South Afr Soc J Anim Sci 44:S51–S57

    Google Scholar 

  20. Miao ZH, Glatz PC, Ru YJ (2003) The nutrition requirements and foraging behaviour of ostriches. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 16:773–778

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. NAZARAN M.H (2012) Chelate compounds. Google Patents, https://www.google.com/patents/US8288587

  22. Mohammadi V, Ghazanfari S, Mohammadi-Sangcheshmeh A, Nazaran MH (2015) Comparative effects of zinc-nano complexes, zinc-sulphate and zinc-methionine on performance in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 56:486–449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Iranian Council of Animal Care (1995) Guide to the care and use of experimental animals, Vol. 1. Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan

    Google Scholar 

  24. Vogtmann H, Pfirter HP, Prabucki AL (1975) A new method of determining metabolisability of energy and digestibility of fatty acids in broiler diets. Br Poult Sci 16:531–536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. AOAC (2000) Official methods of analysis, 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Virginia

    Google Scholar 

  26. Dozier WA, Davis AJ, Freeman ME, Ward TL (2003) Early growth and environmental implications of dietary zinc and copper concentrations and sources of broiler chicks. Br Poult Sci 44:726–731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. El-husseiny OM, Hashish SM, Ali RA, Arafa SA, El-samee LDA, Olemy AA (2012) Effects of feeding organic zinc, manganese and copper on broiler growth, carcass characteristics, bone quality and mineral content in bone, liver and excreta. Int J Poult Sci 11:368–377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Aksu T, Özsoy B, Aksu DS, Yoruk MA, Gul M (2011) The effects of lower levels of organically complexed zinc, copper and manganese in broiler diets on performance, mineral concentration of tibia and mineral excretion. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 17:141–146

    Google Scholar 

  29. Liem A, Pesti GM, Edwards HM (2008) The effect of several organic acids on phytate phosphorus hydrolysis in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 87:689–693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Manangi MK, Vazquez-anon M, Richards JD, Carter S, Buresh RE, Christensen KD (2012) Impact of feeding lower levels of chelated trace minerals versus industry levels of inorganic trace minerals on broiler performance, yield, footpad health, and litter mineral concentration. J Appl Poult Res 21:881–890

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Favero A, Vieira SL, Angel CR, Bos-mikich A, Lothhammer N, Taschetto D, Cruz RFA, Ward TL (2013) Development of bone in chick embryos from Cobb 500 breeder hens fed diets supplemented with zinc, manganese, and copper from inorganic and amino acid-complexed sources. Poult Sci 92:402–411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Stefanello C, Santos TC, Murakami AE, Martins EN, Carneiro TC (2014) Productive performance, eggshell quality, and eggshell ultrastructure of laying hens fed diets supplemented with organic trace minerals. Poult Sci 93:104–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Burkett JL, Stalder KJ, Powers WJ, Bregendahl K, Pierce JL, Baas TJ, Bailey T, Shafer BL (2009) Effect of inorganic and organic trace mineral supplementation on the performance, carcass characteristics, and fecal mineral excretion of phase-fed, grow-finish swine. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 22:1279–1287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mohanna C, Nys Y (1999) Effect of dietary zinc content and sources on the growth, body zinc deposition and retention, zinc excretion and immune response in chickens. Br Poult Sci 40:108–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mabe I, Rapp C, Bain MM, Nys Y (2003) Supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet with manganese, copper, and zinc from organic or inorganic sources improves eggshell quality in aged laying hens. Poult Sci 82:1903–1913

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wedekind KJ, Hortin AE, Baker DH (1992) Methodology for assessing zinc bioavailability: efficacy estimate for zinc methionine, zinc sulphate, and zinc oxide. J Anim Sci 70:178–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Leeson S (2005) Trace mineral requirements of poultry–validity of the NRC recommendations. In: Taylor-Pickard JA, Tucker LA (eds) Redefining mineral nutrition. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, pp 107–117

    Google Scholar 

  38. Yan F, Waldroup PW (2006) Evaluation of Mintrex® manganese as a source of manganese for young broilers. Int J Poult Sci 5:708–713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Moghaddam A, Kakhki R, Bakhshalinejad R, Shafiee M (2016) Effect of dietary zinc and α-tocopheryl acetate on broiler performance, immune responses, antioxidant enzyme activities, minerals and vitamin concentration in blood and tissues of broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 221:12–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Ao T, Pierce J, Pescatore A, Cantor A, Dawson K, Ford M, Shafer B (2007) Effects of organic zinc and phytase supplementation in a maize–soybean meal diet on the performance and tissue zinc content of broiler chicks. Br Poult Sci 48:690–695

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ghasemi HA, Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Khaltabadi-Farahani AH, Khodaei Motlagh M (2013) The effect of feeding rations with different ratios of concentrate to alfalfa hay on blood hematological and biochemical parameters of farmed ostriches (Struthio camelus). Trop Anim Health Prod 45:1635–1640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Moniello G, Bovera F, Solinas IL, Piccolo G, Pinna W, Nizza A (2005) Effect of age and blood collection site on the metabolic profile of ostriches. South Afr J Anim Sci 35:268–272

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bovera F, Moniello G, De Riu N, Di Meo C, Pinna W, Nizza A (2007) Effect of diet on the metabolic profile of ostriches (Struthio camelus Var. domesticus). Trop Anim Health Prod 39:265–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Shinde P, Dass RS, Garg AK, Chaturvedi VK, Kumar R (2006) Effect of zinc supplementation from different sources on growth, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolic profile, and immune response of male Guinea pigs. Biol Trace Elem Res 112:247–262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sun Q, Guo Y, Ma S, Yuan J, An S, Li J (2012) Dietary mineral sources altered lipid and antioxidant profiles in broiler breeders and posthatch growth of their offsprings. Biol Trace Elem Res 145:318–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jegede AV, Oduguwa OO, Oso AO, Fafiolu AO, Idowu OMO, Nollet L (2012) Growth performance, blood characteristics and plasma lipids of growing pullet fed dietary concentrations of organic and inorganic copper sources. Livest Sci 145:298–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Reaves SK, Fanzo JC, Wu JYJ, Wang YR, Wu YW, Zhu L, Lei KY (1999) Plasma apolipoprotein B-48, hepatic apolipoprotein B mRNA editing and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic subunit-1 mRNA levels are altered in zinc-deficient rats. J Nutr 129:1855–1861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kawano J, Ney DM, Keen CL, Schneeman BO (1987) Altered high density lipoprotein composition in manganese-deficient Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. J Nutr 117:902–906

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Nassir F, Mazur A, Sérougne C, Gueux E, Rayssiguier Y (1993) Hepatic apolipoprotein B synthesis in copper-deficient rats. FEBS Lett 322:33–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Zinnuroglu M, Dincel AS, Kosova F, Sepici V, Karatas GK (2012) Prospective evaluation of free radicals and antioxidant activity following 6-month risedronate treatment in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Rheumatol Int 32:875–880

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ma W, Niu H, Feng J, Wang Y, Feng J (2011) Effects of zinc glycine chelate on oxidative stress, contents of trace elements, and intestinal morphology in broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 142:546–556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Aksu D, Aksu T, Ozsoy B, Baytok E (2010) The effects of replacing inorganic with a lower level of organically complexed minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) in broiler diets on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 23:1066–1072

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Arak University (Arak, Iran, approval no. 95/13574) and Sodour Ahrar Shargh Co. (Teharan, Iran) for the financial support to carry out this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran

    Hossein Seyfori, Hossein Ali Ghasemi & Iman Hajkhodadadi

  2. Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Hassan Nazaran & Maryam Hafizi

Authors
  1. Hossein Seyfori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hossein Ali Ghasemi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Iman Hajkhodadadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohammad Hassan Nazaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Maryam Hafizi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hossein Ali Ghasemi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Seyfori, H., Ghasemi, H.A., Hajkhodadadi, I. et al. Growth Performance, Mineral Digestibility, and Blood Characteristics of Ostriches Receiving Drinking Water Supplemented with Varying Levels of Chelated Trace Mineral Complex. Biol Trace Elem Res 183, 147–155 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1117-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1117-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation