Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Population Dynamics and Conservation Implications of Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph and V. Chandras.) Venter., a Steno Endemic Species of Western Ghats, India

  • Published:
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Decalepis arayalpathra, a critically endangered plant species, has a restricted and fragmented population in Southern Western Ghats, India. This study is a first attempt to evaluate genetic diversity and population structure in the nine wild populations of D. arayalpathra based on molecular pattern realized through the marker assays. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and Nei’s unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA)-based hierarchical clustering of both the marker assays suggest strong genetic clustering between the individuals corresponding to their geographical ranges. Mantel test also corroborates a close genetic proximity between genetic and geographic data (r = 0.389). Population genetic analysis revealed low levels of gene flow [inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) = 0.289 and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) = 0.847] between the populations, in line with high genetic differentiation (Gst = 0.531 with ISSR and 0.440 with RAPD), which was also supported by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), that 54 % (ISSR) and 64 % (RAPD) total variation resided within populations. Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE analysis detected three genetic clusters showing the high degree of admixture within population. Based on the findings, such as inbreeding depression and the loss of genetic diversity, suggestions for conservation strategies are provided to preserve the genetic resources of this endangered species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Hedrick, P. W., & Miller, P. S. (1992). Conservation genetics: techniques and fundamentals. Ecological Applications, 2, 30–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Hamrick, J. L., & Godt, M. J. W. (1995). Conservation genetics of endemic species. In J. C. Avise & J. L. Hamrick (Eds.), Conservation genetics (pp. 281–304). New York: Chapman and Hall Press.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Li, Y. Y., Guan, S. M., Yang, S. Z., Luo, Y., & Chen, X. Y. (2012). Genetic decline and inbreeding depression in an extremely rare tree. Conservation Genetics, 13, 343–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Choi, H. J., Kaneko, S., Yokogawa, M., Song, G. P., Kim, D. S., Kang, S. H., Suyama, Y., & Isagi, Y. (2013). Population and genetic status of a critically endangered species in Korea, Euchresta japonica (Leguminosae) and their implications for conservation. Journal of Plant Biology, 56, 251–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Reed, D. H., & Frankham, R. (2003). Correlation between fitness and genetic diversity. Conservation Biology, 17, 230–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Gong, W., Gu, L., & Zhang, D. (2010). Low genetic diversity and high genetic divergence caused by inbreeding and geographical isolation in the populations of endangered species Loropetalum subcordatum (Hamamelidaceae) endemic to China. Conservation Genetics, 11, 2281–2288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhang, D. Q., Gao, L. M., & Yang, Y. P. (2010). Genetic diversity and structure of a traditional Chinese medicinal plant species, Fritillaria cirrhosa (Liliaceae) in southwest China and implications for its conservation. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 38, 236–242.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhao, X., Ma, Y., Sun, W., Wen, X., & Milne, R. (2012). High genetic diversity and low differentiation of Michelia coriacea (Magnoliaceae), a critically endangered endemic in Southeast Yunnan. China International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13, 4396–4411.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Joseph, J., & Chandrasekaran, V. (1978). Janakia arayalpathra—a new genus and species of Periplocaceae from Kerala, South India. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society, 57, 308–312.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Venter, H. J. T., & Verhoeven, R. L. (1997). A tribal classification of the Periplocoideae (Asclepiadaceae). Taxon, 46, 705–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Prabakaran, V., Ravikumar, K., Vijayasankar. (2001). Janakia arayalpathra—the quest. Amruth, 5(5).

  12. Pushpangadan, P., Rajasekaran, S., Ratheesh-Kumar, P. K., Jawahar, C. R., Radhakrishnan, K., Nair, C. P. R., Sarada-Amma, L., & Bhat, A. V. (1990). AMRITHAPALA (Janakia arayalpathra, Joseph and Chandrasekharan), a new drug from the Kani Tribe of Kerala. Ancient Science of Life, 9, 121.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Shine, V. J., Shyamal, S., Latha, P. G., & Rajasekharan, S. (2007). Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities of Decalepis arayalpathra. Pharmaceutical Biology, 45, 210–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Verma, R. S., Mishra, P., Kumar, A., Chauhan, A., Padalia, R. C., & Sundaresan, V. (2014). Chemical composition of root aroma of Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph and V. Chandras.) Venter, an endemic and endangered ethnomedicinal plant from Western Ghats. India Natural Product Research, 28, 1202–1205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sudha, C. G., & Seeni, S. (2001). Establishment and analysis of fast-growing normal root culture of Decalepis arayalpathra, a rare endemic medicinal plant. Current Science, 81, 371–374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Molur, S., & Walker (1997). Report on conservation assessment and management plan (CAMP) workshop for selected species of medicinal plants of southern India, Bangalore, 16–18, (p. 108).

  17. Ravikumar, K., & Ved, D. K. (2000). Illustrated field guide to 100 red listed medicinal plants of conservation concern in southern India. Bangalore: FRLHT.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Anonymous. (2011) Tamil Nadu State Biodiversity Notification, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi, India. REGD. No. D.L-33004/99.

  19. Sarkar, M. K. (2010). Management strategies for endemic and threatened medicinal plants in India—a geoinformatic approach: with special reference to Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu. Department of Environment, Government of Tamil Nadu.

  20. Premalatha, K., Gokul, S., Kumar, A., Mishra, P., Mishra, P., Ravikumar, K., & Kalra, A. (2014). Molecular profiling of fungal assemblages in the healthy and infected roots of Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph and V. Chandras.) Venter, an endemic and endangered ethnomedicinal plant from Western Ghats, India. Annals of Microbiology. doi:10.1007/s13213-014-0919-7.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Schaal, B. A., Leverich, W. J., & Rogstad, S. H. (1991). A comparison of methods for assessing genetic variation in plant conservation biology. In D. A. Falk & K. E. Holsinger (Eds.), Genetics and conservation of rare plants (pp. 123–134). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Vergeer, P., Ouborg, N. J., & Hendry, A. P. (2008). Genetic considerations of introduction efforts. In S. P. Carroll & C. W. Fox (Eds.), Conservation biology—evolution in action (pp. 116–129). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Yao, X., Deng, J., & Huang, H. (2012). Genetic diversity in Eucommia ulmoides (Eucommiaceae), an endangered traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Conservation Genetics, 13, 1499–1507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kumar, A., Mishra, P., Singh, S. C., & Sundaresan, V. (2014). Efficiency of ISSR and RAPD markers in genetic divergence analysis and conservation management of Justicia adhatoda L., a medicinal plant. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 300, 1409–1420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Williams, J. G. K., Kubelik, A. R., Livak, K. J., Rafalski, J. A., & Tingey, S. V. (1990). DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research, 18, 6531–6535.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zietkiewicz, E., Rafalski, A., & Labuda, D. (1994). Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics, 20, 176–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yang, W., de-Oliveira, A. C., Godwin, I., Schertz, K., & Bennetzen, J. L. (1996). Comparison of DNA marker technologies in characterizing plant genome diversity: variability in Chinese sorghums. Crop Science, 36, 1669–1676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Bornet, B., & Branchard, M. (2001). Non-anchored inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers: reproducible and specific tools for genome fingerprinting. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 19, 209–215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Khanuja, S. P. S., Shasany, A. K., Darokar, M. P., & Kumar, S. (1999). Rapid isolation of DNA from dry and fresh samples of plants producing large amounts of secondary metabolites and essential oils. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 17, 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Leonard, D. S. (2009). A visual approach to SPSS for windows: a guide to SPSS 17.0, Needham Heights. MA: Allyn and Bacosn Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Van-De-Peer, Y., & Wachter, R. (1994). TREECON for Windows: a software package for the construction and drawing of evolutionary trees for the Microsoft Windows environment. Computer Applications in the Biosciences, 10, 569–570.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Nei, M. (1973). Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. P.N.A.S., 70, 3321–3323.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Peakall, R., & Smouse, P. E. (2006). GenAlEx V 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Notes, 6, 288–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Roldan-Ruiz, I., Dendauw, J., Vanbockstaele, E., Depicker, A., & De-Loose, M. (2000). AFLP markers reveal high polymorphic rates in ryegrasses (Lolium spp.). Mol. Breed, 6, 125–134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Varshney, R. K., Chabane, K., Hendre, P. S., Aggarwal, R. K., & Graner, A. (2007). Comparative assessment of EST-SSR, EST-SNP and AFLP markers for evaluation of genetic diversity and conservation of genetic resources using wild, cultivated and elite barleys. Plant Science, 173, 638–649.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Prevost, A., & Wilkinson, M. J. (1999). A new system of comparing PCR primers applied to ISSR fingerprinting of potato cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 98, 107–112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Yeh, F., Yang, R., & Boyle, T. (1999). Microsoft window-based freeware for population genetic analysis (POPGENE Ver. 1.32). Canada: University of Alberta.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Lewinton, R. C. (1972). The apportionment of human diversity. Evolutionary Biology, 6, 381–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Nei, M. (1987). Molecular evolutionary genetics. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M., & Donnelly, P. (2000). Inference of population structure from multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 155, 945–959.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Falush, D., Stephens, M., & Pritchard, J. K. (2003). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics, 164, 1567–1587.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Earl, D. A., & von-Holdt, B. M. (2012). STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genetics Resources, 4, 359–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Evanno, G., Regnaut, S., & Goudet, J. (2005). Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2611–2620.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mantel, N. (1967). The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Research, 27, 209–220.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ersts, P. J. Geographic Distance Matrix Generator (version 1.2.3). American Museum of Natural History, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation. Available from: http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open_source/gdmg. Accessed August 20, 2014.

  47. Frankel, O. H., Brown, A. H. D., & Burdon, J. J. (1995). The conservation of plant biodiversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Spielman, D., Brook, B. W., & Frankham, R. (2004). Most species are not driven to extinction before genetic factors impact them. P.N.A.S., 10, 15261–15264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Nybom, H., & Bartish, I. V. (2000). Effects of life history traits and sampling strategies on genetic diversity estimates obtained with RAPD markers in plants. P.P.E.E.S., 3, 93–114.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ellstrand, N. C., & Elam, D. R. (1993). Population genetic consequences of small population size: implications for plant conservation. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 24, 217–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Hamrick, J. T., & Godt, M. J. (1996). Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B., 351, 1291–1298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Nei, M. (1978). Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 89, 583–590.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Milligan, B. G., Mack, J. L., & Strand, A. E. (1994). Conservation genetics: beyond the maintenance of marker diversity. Molecular Ecology, 3, 423–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The financial support from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India, through the XIIth FYP projects Biopros-PR (BSC-0106) and ChemBio (BSC-0203), is gratefully acknowledged. The authors are thankful to the Tamil Nadu Biodiversity Board and Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Chief Wildlife Warden, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, for granting the permission to take up this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Biology and Systematics, CSIR—Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bangalore, 560065, India

    Priyanka Mishra, L. Dinesh Kumar, Amit Kumar & Velusamy Sundaresan

  2. School for Conservation of Natural Resources, Repository for Medicinal Resources I-AIM (FRLHT), Bangalore, 560106, India

    Sivaraman Gokul & Kaliamoorthy Ravikumar

  3. Biotechnology Division, CSIR—Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India

    Ashutosh K. Shukla

Authors
  1. Priyanka Mishra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. Dinesh Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amit Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sivaraman Gokul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kaliamoorthy Ravikumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ashutosh K. Shukla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Velusamy Sundaresan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Velusamy Sundaresan.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Fig. 7

(JPEG 111 kb)

Fig. 8

(JPEG 552 kb)

Fig. 9

(JPEG 37 kb)

Fig. 10

(JPEG 47 kb)

Fig. 11

(JPEG 27 kb)

Fig. 12

(JPEG 28 kb)

Fig. 13

(JPEG 26 kb)

ESM 1

(DOC 30 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mishra, P., Kumar, L.D., Kumar, A. et al. Population Dynamics and Conservation Implications of Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph and V. Chandras.) Venter., a Steno Endemic Species of Western Ghats, India. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 176, 1413–1430 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-015-1654-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-015-1654-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation