Abstract
Regulation of the cysteine protease activity is imperative for proper functioning of the various organ systems. Elevated activities of cysteine proteinases due to impaired regulation by the endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors (cystatins) have been linked to liver malignancies. To gain an insight into these regulatory processes, it is essential to purify and characterise the inhibitors, cystatins. Present study was undertaken to purify the inhibitor from the liver. The purification was accomplished in four steps: alkaline treatment, ammonium sulphate fractionation, acetone precipitation and gel filtration column (Sephacryl S-100 HR). The eluted protein exhibited inhibitory activity towards papain, and its purity was further reaffirmed using western blotting and immunodiffusion. The purified inhibitor (liver cystatin (LC)) was stable in the pH range of 6–8 and temperature up to 45 °C. In view of the significance of kinetics parameters for drug delivery, the kinetic parameters of liver cystatin were also determined. LC showed the greatest affinity for papain followed by ficin and bromelain. UV and fluorescence spectroscopy results showed that binding of LC with thiol proteases induced changes in the environment of aromatic residues. Recent advances in the field of proteinase inhibitors have drawn attention to the possible use of this collected knowledge to control pathologies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ekiel, I., Abrahamson, M., Fulton, D. B., Lindhal, P., et al. (1997). Journal Molecular Biology, 271, 266–271.
Turk, V., Stoka, V., & Turk, D. (2008). Frontiers in Bioscience, 1(13), 5406–5420.
Kordis, D., & Turk, V. (2009). BMC Evol Biol, 18(9), 266.
Barrett, A. J., Rawlings, N., Davies, M., Machleidt, W., Salvesen, G., & Turk, V. (1986). In A. Barrett & G. Salvesen (Eds.), Proteinase inhibitors (pp. 515–569). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Priyadarshini, M., & Bano, B. (2011). Cystatins: the multifaceted protease inhibitors. In J. B. Cohen & L. P. Rayseck (Eds.), Cystatins: protease inhibitors, biomarkers and immunomodulators (pp. 1–39). New York: Nova.
Vary, B., Hartmann, S., & Hoebeke, J. (2002). Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 59, 1503–1512.
Muller-Esterl, W. (1989). Thrombosis Hemostasis, 6, 2–6.
Kabanda, A., Goffin, E., & Bernard, A. (1946). Kidney International, 48, 52.
Delaisse, J. M., Ledent, P., & Vaes, G. (1991). Biochemistry Journal, 279, 167–174.
Trabandt, A., Gay, R. E., Fassbender, H. G., & Gay, R. S. (1991). Arthritis and Rheumatism, 34, 1444–1451.
Assfalg–Machleidt, I., Jochun, M., Klaubert, W., & Machleidt, W. (1998). Biological Chemistry Hoppe Seyler, 369, 263–269.
Koppel, P., Baici, A., Keist, R., Matzku, S., & Keller, R. (1994). Experimental Cell Biology, 52, 293–299.
Buttle, D. J., Barnett, D., & Abrahamson, M. (1990). Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 50, 509–516.
Cox, S. W., & Eley, B. M. (1998). Peridont Research, 24, 353–361.
Beige, L., Ouali, A., & Valin, C. (1982). Biochemistry and Biophysics Acta, 2, 210–217.
Jarvinen, M., & Rinnie, A. (1982). Biochemistry and Biophysics Acta, 708, 210–217.
Machleidt, W., Borchart, U., Fritz, H., Brizn, J., Ritonja, A., & Turk, V. (1983). Hoppe–Syler’s Z Physiological Chemistry, 364, 1481–1486.
Grubb, A., & Lofberg, H. (1982). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 30, 24–27.
Cohen, D. H., Feiner, H., Jensson, O., & Frangione, B. (1983). The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 158, 623–628.
Isemura, S., Saitoh, E., & Sanada, K. (1984). Journal Biochemistry, 96, 1311–1314.
Rohrlich, S. T., Levy, H., & Rifkin, D. B. (1985). Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler, 366, 147–155.
Shahid, P. B., Zehra, S., & Bano, B. (2005). The Protein Journal, 24, 95–102.
Sumbul, S., & Bano, B. (2006). Neurochemical Research, 31, 1327–1336.
Rashid, F., Sharma, S., & Bano, B. (2006). Placenta, 2, 822–831.
Khan, M. S., & Bano, B. (2009). International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 9, 81–86.
Shah, A., & Bano, B. (2009). International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 15, 43–48.
Priyadarshini, M., & Bano, B. (2010). Amino Acids, 38(4), 1001–1010.
Wiseman, R. L., Powers, E. T., & Kelly, J. W. (2005). Biochemistry, 44(50), 16612–16623.
Ouchterlony, O. (1962). Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica, 26, 579–599.
Dubois, M., Gilles, M. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., & Smith, F. (1956). Analytical Chemistry, 28, 350–354.
Ellman, R. (1969). Biochemistry Methods, 19, 446–451.
Kunitz, M. (1947). Journal of Physiology, 30, 291–310.
Krupka, R. M., & Laidler, K. J. (1959). Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 51, 1268–1271.
Henderson, P. J. F. (1972). Biochemistry Journal, 127, 321–323.
Shah, A., & Bano, B. (2010). European Biophysics Journal, 40, 175–180.
Barret, A. J., Davies, M. E., & Grubb, A. (1984). Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 120, 631–636.
Salvesen, G., Parkes, C., Abrahamson, M., Grubb, A., & Barret, A. J. (1986). Biochemistry Journal, 234, 429–434.
Machleidt, W., Machleidt, I., & Muller-Esterl, I. (1988). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263, 12661–12668.
Balbin, M., Hall, A., Grubb, A., Mason, R. W., Lopez-otin, C., & Abrahamson, M. (1994). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 37, 23156–23162.
Nicklin, M. J. H., & Barret, A. J. (1984). Biochemistry Journal, 223, 245–253.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shah, A., Priyadarshini, M., Khan, M.S. et al. Biochemical, Immunological and Kinetic Characterisation of Thiol Protease Inhibitor (Cystatin) from Liver. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 171, 667–675 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0383-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0383-z