Abstract
Barley straw was used to demonstrate an integrated process for production of fuel ethanol and astaxanthin as a value-added co-product. Barley straw was pretreated by soaking in aqueous ammonia using the previously determined optimum conditions, which included 77.6 °C treatment temperature, 12.1 h treatment time, 15 wt% ammonia concentration, and 1:8 solid-to-liquid ratio. In the newly developed process, the pretreated barley straw was first hydrolyzed with ACCELLERASE® XY (a commercial hemicellulase product) to generate a xylose-rich solution, which contained 3.8 g/l glucose, 22.9 g/l xylose, and 2.4 g/l arabinose, with 96 % of the original glucan being left intact. The xylose-rich solution was used for production of astaxanthin by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma without further treatment. The resulting cellulose-enriched solid residue was used for ethanol production in a fed-batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using ACCELLERASE® 1500 (a commercial cellulase product) and the industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At the end of the fermentation, 70 g/l ethanol was obtained, which was equivalent to 63 % theoretical yield based on the glucan content of the solid substrate.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2012–2021, chapter 3 Biofuels, page 90, OECD/FAO (2012). Available from http://www.innpdf.com/ebookreview/biofuels.html. Accessed 5 July 2013.
Bohlmann, G. M. (2006). Industrial Biotechnology, Spring, 2006, 14–20.
Solomon, B. D., Barnes, J. R., & Halvorsen, K. E. (2007). Biomass and Bioenergy, 31, 416–425.
Kamm, B., & Kamm, M. (2004). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 64, 137–145.
Ethanol industry outlook. Renewable Fuels Association, Washington DC (2012).
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (2007). Federal Register, Public Law P. L. 110–140, H.R. 6.
Nghiem, N. P., Hicks, K. B., Johnston, D. B., Senske, G., Kurantz, M., Li, M., Shetty, J., & Konieczny-Janda, G. (2010). Biotechnology for Biofuels, 3, 8.
Nghiem, N. P., Taylor, F., Johnston, D. B., Shetty, J. K., & Hicks, K. B. (2011). Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 165, 870–882.
Kim, T. H., Taylor, F., & Hicks, K. B. (2008). Bioresource Technology, 99, 5694–5702.
Nghiem, N. P., Kim, T. H., & Hicks, K. B. (2012). US Patent, 8, 202,970.
Kim, T. H., & Lee, Y. Y. (2005). Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 121–124, 1119–1132.
Kim, T. H., & Lee, Y. Y. (2007). Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 136–140, 81–92.
Yoo, C. G., Nghiem, N. P., Hicks, K. B., & Kim, T. H. (2013). Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 169, 2430–2441.
Leathers, T. D. (2003). FEMS Yeast Research, 3, 133–140.
Todd Lorenz, R., & Cysewski, G. R. (2000). Trends in Biotechnology, 18, 160–167.
Guerin, M., Huntley, M. E., & Olaizola, M. (2003). Trends in Biotechnology, 21, 210–216.
Higuera-Ciapara, I., Felix-Valenzuela, L., & Goycoolea, F. M. (2007). Critical Reviews in Food Science Nutrition., 46, 185–196.
Nghiem, N. P., Montanti, J., & Johnston, D. B. (2009). Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 154, 227–237.
Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, C., & Templeton, D. (2005). Determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass. Golden: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
An, G.-H., Schuman, D. B., & Johnson, E. A. (1989). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 116–124.
De Wulf, P., & Vandamme, E. J. (1997). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 48, 141–148.
Nomura, Y., Iwahara, M., Hallsworth, J. E., Tanaka, T., & Ishizaki, A. (1998). Journal of Biotechnology, 60, 131–135.
Willke, T., & Vorlop, K.-D. (2001). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 56, 289–295.
Mayerhoff, Z. D. V. L., Roberto, I. C., & Franco, T. T. (2001). Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 91–93, 729–737.
Zhu, Y., & Yang, S.-T. (2004). Journal of Biotechnology, 110, 143–157.
Saha, B. C., & Cotta, M. A. (2010). New Biotechnology, 27, 10–16.
Linde, M., Galbe, M., & Zacchi, G. (2007). Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 40, 1100–1107.
Zhang, M., Wang, F., Su, R., Qi, W., & He, Z. (2010). Bioresource Technology, 101, 4959–4964.
Hoyer, K., Galbe, M., & Zacchi, G. (2009). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 84, 570–577.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to Justin Montanti, Gerard Senske, and Jennifer Thomas of the ERRC, who assisted in the experimental efforts and sample analysis. The authors also would like to thank DuPont Industrial Biosciences for providing the enzyme products used in this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). USDA is an equal employment provider and employer.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nghiem, N.P., Kim, T.H., Yoo, C.G. et al. Enzymatic Fractionation of SAA-Pretreated Barley Straw for Production of Fuel Ethanol and Astaxanthin as a Value-Added Co-Product. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 171, 341–351 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0374-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0374-0