Abstract
Biodegradation of styrene by Exophiala sp. was tested at different initial concentrations (19.3–170.6 mg l−1), pH (2.8–8.7), and temperatures (19.8–45.1 °C), for 120 h according to a 23 full-factorial central composite design. The specific growth rate (SGR, per hour) and specific styrene utilization rate (SUR, milligrams of styrene per milligram of biomass per hour) values were used as the response variables for optimization purposes. The interactions between concentration and temperature (P = 0.022), and pH and temperature (P = 0.010) for SGR, and interactions between concentration and temperature (P = 0.012) for SUR were found to be statistically significant. The optimal values for achieving high SGR (0.15 h−1) and SUR (0.3622 mg styrene mg−1 biomass h−1) were calculated from the regression model equation. Those values are C o = 89.1 mg l−1, pH = 5.4, and T = 31.5 °C for SGR and C o = 69.2 mg l−1, pH = 5.5, and T = 32.4 °C for SUR. It was also observed that the Exophiala strain degrades styrene via phenylacetic acid, involving initial oxidation of the vinyl side chain. Besides, in the presence of styrene, changes in the fatty acids profile were also observed. It is hypothesized that an increasing amount of linoleic acid (18:2) may be involved in the protection of the fungus against toxic substrate.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1992). Toxicological profile for styrene. Atlanta, GA, USA: ATSDR.
Kennes, C., Rene, E. R., & Veiga, M. C. (2009). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 84, 1419–1436.
Abubackar, H. N., Veiga, M. C., & Kennes, C. (2011). Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining (BioFPR), 5, 93–114.
Sielicki, M., Focht, D. D., & Martin, J. P. (1978). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 35, 124–128.
Hartmans, S., van der Werf, M. J., & de Bont, J. A. M. (1990). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 1347–1351.
Braun-Lüllemann, A., Majcherczyk, A., & Hüttermann, A. (1997). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 47, 150–155.
Kennes, C., & Veiga, M. C. (2004). Journal of Biotechnology, 30, 305–319.
Estévez, E., Veiga, M. C., & Kennes, C. (2005). Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 32, 33–37.
Cox, H. H. J., Moerman, R. E., van Baalen, S., van Heiningen, W. N., Doddema, H. J., & Harder, W. (1997). Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 53, 259–266.
Rene, E. R., Veiga, M. C., & Kennes, C. (2010). Chemosphere, 79, 221–227.
Fang, J., Lovanh, N., & Alvarez, P. J. (2004). Water Research, 38, 2529–2536.
Loffhagen, N., Härtig, C., & Babel, W. (2004). Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 68, 317–323.
Bernat, P., & Długoński, J. (2007). International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 60, 133–136.
Słaba, M., Szewczyk, R., Bernat, P., & Długoński, J. (2009). The Science of the Total Environment, 407, 4127–4133.
Bernat, P., Słaba, M., & Długoński, J. (2009). Current Microbiology, 59, 315–320.
Ravikumar, K., Pakshirajan, K., Swaminathan, T., & Balu, K. (2005). Chemical Engineering Journal, 105, 131–138.
Wu, S., Yu, X., Hu, Z., Zhang, L., & Chen, J. (2009). Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21, 1276–1283.
Kennes, C., Cox, H. H. J., Doddema, H. J., & Harder, W. (1996). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 66, 300–304.
Cox, H. H. J., Houtman, J. H. M., Doddema, H. J., & Harder, W. (1993). Biotechnology Letters, 15, 737–742.
Fang, J., Barcelona, M. J., & Alvarez, P. J. (2000). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 54, 382–389.
Gajewska, E., Bernat, P., Długoński, J., & Skłodowska, M. (2012). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 198, 286–294.
Rajasekaran, A. K., & Maheshwari, R. (1993). Journal of Biosciences, 8, 345–354.
Mohammad, B. T., Veiga, M. C., & Kennes, C. (2007). Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 97, 1423–1438.
Jin, Y., Guo, L., Veiga, M. C., & Kennes, C. (2007). Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 96, 433–443.
Montes, M., Veiga, M. C., & Kennes, C. (2010). Bioresource Technology, 101, 9493–9499.
Wang, C., Xi, J.-Y., Hu, H.-Y., & Wen, X.-H. (2008). Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 21, 474–478.
Estévez, E., Veiga, M. C., & Kennes, C. (2005). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 67, 563–568.
Yarmoff, J. J., Kawakami, Y., Yago, T., & Maruo, H. (1988). Journal of Fermentation Technology, 66, 305–312.
Bhattacharya, S. S., & Banerjee, R. (2008). Chemosphere, 73, 81–85.
de Hoog, G. S., Guarro, J., Gene, J., & Figueras, M. J. (2000). Atlas of clinical fungi, second (Vol. 1). Utrecht, The Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
Dix, N. J., & Webster, J. (1995). Fungal ecology. London: Chapman & Hall.
Segurola, J., Allen, N. S., Edge, M., & Mahon, A. M. (1999). Progress in Organic Coating, 37, 23–37.
Li, Y., Cui, F., Liu, Z., Xu, Y., & Zhao, H. (2007). Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 40, 1381–1388.
Tanyildizi, M. S., Özer, D., & Elibol, M. (2005). Process Biochemistry, 40, 2291–2296.
Sahoo, N. K., Pakshirajan, K., & Ghosh, P. K. (2010). International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 64, 474–480.
Myers, R. H., Montgomery, D. C., & Anderson-Cook, M. (2009). Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments (3rd ed.). NJ: Wiley.
Cooney, D. O. (1999). Adsorption design for wastewater treatment. New York: CRC.
Harrington, E. C. (1965). Industrial Quality Control, 21, 494–498.
Derringer, G., & Suich, R. (1980). Journal of Quality Technology, 12, 214–219.
Jung, I. G., & Park, C. H. (2005). Chemosphere, 61, 451–456.
Toda, H., & Itoh, N. (2012). Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 113, 12–19.
Cox, H. H. J., Faber, B. W., Van Heiningen, W. N., Radhoe, H., Doddema, H. J., & Harder, W. (1996). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62, 1471–1474.
Dercová, K., Certık, M., Malová, A., & Sejáková, Z. (2004). International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 54, 251–254.
Sassaki, G. L., Czelusniak, P. A., Vicente, V. A., Zanata, S. M., Souza, L. M., Gorin, P. A., et al. (2011). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 48, 177–182.
Sikkema, J., de Bont, J. A., & Poolman, B. (1995). Microbiological Reviews, 59, 201–222.
Certik, M., & Shimizu, S. (1999). Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 87, 1–14.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (Project CTQ2006-28335-E) and the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Grant no. 31/HIS/2007/02) for financial support. Eldon R. Rene thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for his postdoctoral research contract (JCI-2008-03109).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rene, E.R., Bernat, P., Długoński, J. et al. Use of Styrene as Sole Carbon Source by the Fungus Exophiala oligosperma: Optimization and Modeling of Biodegradation, Pathway Elucidation, and Cell Membrane Composition. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 168, 1351–1371 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9862-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9862-x