Abstract
Use of cheap, nontoxic, and selective solvents could economically provide a solution to the recovery of carboxylic acids produced by the bioroute. In this regard in the present paper, reactive extraction of citric acid was studied. Problems encompassing the recovery of the acid ([H3A] oaq = 0.1–0.8) was solved by using tertiary amine (tri-n-octylamine, TOA) in natural diluents (rice bran oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and sesame oil). TOA was very effective in removal of acid providing distribution coefficient (D) as high as 18.51 (E% = 95 %), 12.82 (E% = 93 %), 15.09 (E% = 94 %), and 16.28 (E% = 94 %) when used with rice bran oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and sesame oil, respectively. Overall extraction constants and association numbers for TOA + rice bran oil, TOA + sunflower oil, TOA + soybean oil, and TOA + sesame oil were evaluated to be 35.48 (mol/l)−1.46, 29.79 (mol/l)−1.30, 33.79 (mol/l)−1.51, and 37.64 (mol/l)−1.65 and 1.46, 1.30, 1.51, and 1.65, respectively. Specific equilibrium complexation constants (K E(n/m)) were also predicted using mathematical modeling.
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Abbreviations
- TOA:
-
Tri-n-octylamine
- [B]:
-
Concentration of extractant (amine), moles per liter
- [H3A]:
-
Concentration of undissociated citric acid, moles per liter
- D :
-
Distribution coefficient
- E%:
-
Degree of extraction
- [A3−]:
-
Concentration of citric acid anion, moles per liter
- H2A− :
-
Concentration of dissociated citric acid obtained after first dissociation, moles per liter
- HA−2 :
-
Concentration of dissociated citric acid obtained after second dissociation, moles per liter
- [H+]:
-
Concentration of hydroxyl ion, kilomoles per cubic meter
- K ai :
-
Dissociation constant (i = 1 to 3 depending upon the stage of dissociation)
- n :
-
Number of acid molecules involved in the association reaction
- m :
-
Number of extractant molecules involved in the association reaction
- α and β :
-
Limits of number of acid and extractant molecules considered for mass action law modeling
- z :
-
Overall loading ratio
- aq:
-
Aqueous phase
- org:
-
Organic phase
- o:
-
Initial
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Keshav, A., Norge, P. & Wasewar, K.L. Reactive Extraction of Citric Acid Using Tri-n-octylamine in Nontoxic Natural Diluents: Part 1—Equilibrium Studies from Aqueous Solutions. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 167, 197–213 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9682-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9682-z