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Ethanol Production from Cashew Apple Bagasse: Improvement of Enzymatic Hydrolysis by Microwave-Assisted Alkali Pretreatment

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Abstract

In this work, the potential of microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment in order to improve the rupture of the recalcitrant structures of the cashew able bagasse (CAB), lignocellulosic by-product in Brazil with no commercial value, is obtained from cashew apple process to juice production, was studied. First, biomass composition of CAB was determined, and the percentage of glucan and lignin was 20.54 ± 0.70% and 33.80 ± 1.30%, respectively. CAB content in terms of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, 19.21 ± 0.35%, 12.05 ± 0.37%, and 38.11 ± 0.08%, respectively, was also determined. Results showed that, after enzymatic hydrolysis, alkali concentration exerted influence on glucose formation, after pretreatment with 0.2 and 1.0 mo L−1 of NaOH (372 ± 12 and 355 ± 37 mg g −1glucan ) when 2% (w/v) of cashew apple bagasse pretreated by microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment (CAB-M) was used. On the other hand, pretreatment time (15–30 min) and microwave power (600–900 W) exerted no significant effect on hydrolysis. On enzymatic hydrolysis step, improvement on solid percentage (16% w/v) and enzyme load (30 FPU g −1CAB-M ) increased glucose concentration to 15 g L−1. The fermentation of the hydrolyzate by Saccharomyces cerevesiae resulted in ethanol concentration and productivity of 5.6 g L−1 and 1.41 g L−1 h−1, respectively.

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Abbreviations

CAB:

Cashew apple bagasse

CAB-M:

Cashew apple bagasse pretreated by microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment

CB:

Cellobiose

CBU:

Cellobiase activity was expressed as cellobiase units (CBU) per milliliter of enzymatic mixture

CBU/g:

Cellobiase activity per gram of raw material

FP:

Filter paper Whatman n°1

FPU:

Filter paper activity was expressed as filter paper units (FPU) per milliliter of enzymatic mixture

FPU/g:

Filter paper activity per gram of raw material

η:

Efficiency of fermentation (%)

P f :

Ethanol concentration (g L−1)

Q p :

Ethanol productivity (g L−1 h−1)

S i :

Initial glucose concentration (g L−1)

S f :

Final glucose concentration (g L−1)

T :

Time (h)

U cellobiose :

Enzyme amount that converts 1 μmol of cellobiose to 2 μmol of glucose in 1 min on reaction conditions

Y p/s :

Conversion substrate/product (g g−1)

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Brazilian research-funding agencies ANP, CAPES, and CNPq (Federal). In addition, the authors gratefully acknowledge the “Laboratório de Processos Biotecnológicos”, located at Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (Brazil), for the support during the cashew apple bagasse characterization.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Engenharia Química, Campus do Pici, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Bloco 709, 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

    Tigressa Helena Soares Rodrigues & Luciana R. B. Gonçalves

  2. Departamento de Agrotecnologia Ciências Sociais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil

    Maria Valderez Ponte Rocha

  3. Laboratório de Engenharia Bioquímica (LEB), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil

    Gorete Ribeiro de Macedo

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  1. Tigressa Helena Soares Rodrigues
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  2. Maria Valderez Ponte Rocha
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  4. Luciana R. B. Gonçalves
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Correspondence to Tigressa Helena Soares Rodrigues.

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Rodrigues, T.H.S., Rocha, M.V.P., de Macedo, G.R. et al. Ethanol Production from Cashew Apple Bagasse: Improvement of Enzymatic Hydrolysis by Microwave-Assisted Alkali Pretreatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 164, 929–943 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-011-9185-3

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