Abstract
Distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and corn gluten feed (CGF) are major coproducts of ethanol production from corn dry grind and wet milling facilities, respectively. These coproducts contain important nutrients and high levels of phytates. The phytates in these products cannot be digested by nonruminant animals; consequently, large quantities of phytate phosphorus (P) are deposited into the soil with the animal wastes which potentially could cause P pollution in soil and underground water resources. To reduce phytates in DDGS and CGF, a phytase from Aspergillus niger, PhyA, was investigated regarding its capability to catalyze the hydrolysis of phytates in light steep water (LSW) and whole stillage (WS). LSW and WS streams are the intermediate streams in the production of CGF and DDGS, respectively, and contribute to most of the P in these streams. Enzyme loadings with activity of 0.1, 1, 2, and 4 FTU/g substrate and temperatures of 35 and 45 °C were investigated regarding their influences on the degree of hydrolysis. The analysis of the hydrolyzate suggested to a sequentially degradation of phytates to lower order myo-inositol phosphate isomers. Approximately 90% phytate P of LSW and 66% phytate P of WS were released, suggesting myo-inositol monophosphate as the end product. The maximum amount of released P was 4.52 ± 0.03 mg/g LSW and 0.86 ± 0.01 mg/g WS.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Correll, D. L. (1999). Poultry Science, 78, 674–682.
Rausch, K. D., & Belyea, R. L. (2006). Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 128, 47–86. doi:10.1385/ABAB:128:1:047.
EPA (1998). National water quality inventory: 1996 Report to Congress. Washington, DC: Office of Water, EPA EPA, 841-R-97-008, June.
Parry, R. (1998). Journal of Environmental Quality, 27, 258–261.
Sharpley, A., Daniel, T. C., Sims, J. T., & Pote, D. H. (1996). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 51, 160–166.
McDowell, R. W., & Sharpley, A. N. (2001). Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, 508–520.
RFA. (2006), Ethanol industry outlook. Available from: www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/resources/coproducts.
Rausch, K. D., Raskin, L. M., Belyea, R. L., Agbisit, R. M., Daugherty, B. J., Clevenger, T. E., et al. (2005). Cereal Chemistry, 82, 431–435. doi:10.1094/CC-82-0431.
Erickson, G. E., Auvermann, B., Eigenberg, R., Greene, L. W., Klopfenstein, T., & Koelsch, R. (2003). Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes (pp 269–276), St. Joseph.
Koelsch, R., & Lesoing, G. (1999). Journal of Animal Science, 77(Suppl. 2), 63–71.
Reddy, N. R. (2002). In N. R. Reddy & S. K. Sath (Eds.), Food phytates (pp. 25–52). Boca Raton: CRC.
Angel, R., Tamim, N. M., Applegate, T. J., Ellestad, L. E., & Dhandu, A. S. (2002). Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 11, 471–480.
Ravindran, V., Bryden, W. L., & Kornegay, E. T. (1995). Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews, 6, 125–143.
Cromwell, G. L., Coeffy, R. D., Monegue, H. J., & Randolph, J. H. (1995). Journal of Animal Science, 73, 449–458.
Cowieson, A. J., Acamovic, T., & Bedford, M. R. (2006). Poultry Science, 85, 878–885.
Nelson, T. S., Sheih, T. R., Wodzinski, R. J., & Ware, J. H. (1971). The Journal of Nutrition, 101, 1289–1294.
Simons, P. C. M. A., Versteegh, H. A. J., Jongbloed, A. W., Kemme, P. A., Slump, P., Bos, K. D., et al. (1990). Brit. J. Nutr, 64, 525–540. doi:10.1079/BJN19900052.
Cosgrove, D. J. (1980a). Studies in organic chemistry 4 (pp. 85–98). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Cosgrove, D. J. (1980b). Studies in organic chemistry 4 (pp. 99–105). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Wyss, M., Pasamontes, L., Friedlein, A., Rémy, R., Tessier, M., Kronenberger, A., et al. (1999a). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 367–373.
Wyss, M., Pasamontes, L., Friedlein, A., Rémy, R., Tessier, M., Kronenberger, A., et al. (1999b). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 359–366.
Gibson, D. M., & Ullah, A. H. (1988). Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 260, 503–513. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(88)90475-4.
Barrientos, L., Scott, J. J., & Murthy, P. P. (1994). Plant Physiology, 106, 1489–1495.
Shieh, T. R., & Ware, J. H. (1968). Applied Microbiology, 16, 1348–1351.
Shieh, T. R., Wodzinski, R. J., & Ware, J. H. (1969). Journal of Bacteriology, 100, 1161–1165.
Ullah, A. H., & Sethumadhavan, K. (1998). Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 243, 458–462. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8117.
Abelson, P. H. (1999). Science, 283, 2015. doi:10.1126/science.283.5410.2015.
Kim, T., Mullaney, E. J., Porres, J. M., Roneker, K. R., Crowe, S., Rice, S., et al. (2006). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 4397–4403. doi:10.1128/AEM.02612-05.
Cromwell, G. L., Stahly, T. S., Coffey, R. D., Monegue, H. J., & Randolph, J. H. (1993). Journal of Animal Science, 71, 1831–1840.
Wodzinski, R. J., & Ullah, A. H. (1996). Advances in Applied Microbiology, 42, 263–302. doi:10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70375-7.
Noureddini, H. Malik, M., Byun, J., & Ankeny, A. J. (2008). Bioresource Technology, doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.056.
Engelen, A. J., van der Heeft, F. C., Randsdorp, P. H. G., & Smit, E. L. C. (1994). Journal of AOAC International, 77, 760–764.
Pulliaine, T. K., & Wallin, H. C. (1994). Journal of AOAC International, 77, 1557–1561.
Chen, Q. C., & Betty, W. L. (2003). Journal of Chromatography. A, 1018, 41–52. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.040.
Xu, P., Price, J., & Aggett, P. J. (1992). Progress in Food & Nutrition Science, 16, 245–262.
Lee, D. C., Cottrill, M. A., Forsberg, C. W., & Jia, Z. C. (2003). The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 31412–31418. doi:10.1074/jbc.M213154200.
Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude to the USDA-CSREES and the Nebraska Corn Board for their support of this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Noureddini, H., Dang, J. Degradation of Phytates in Distillers’ Grains and Corn Gluten Feed by Aspergillus niger Phytase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 159, 11–23 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-008-8365-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-008-8365-2