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Visualization of Enthesitis by Ultrasound: a Key Diagnostic Tool in Spondyloarthropathy Diagnosis and Management

  • Imaging (J Samuels, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Rheumatology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this review is to report on the current status of evaluation of enthesitis with sonography. Sonography can visualize peripheral entheses in great detail since most of them are superficial. Visualization of entheses has provided insights into the pathophysiology of enthesitis and highlighted the interconnectivity of stress dissipation mechanisms about the enthesis. The primary use of entheseal sonography presently revolves around diagnostic use.

Recent Findings

There is increasing awareness of biomechanical confounders that lead to entheseal changes, which are more prevalent in males, patients with higher body mass index, and those who are more active—though there are several approaches to mitigate biomechanical confounders in sonographic evaluation.

Summary

Entheseal sonography may also provide prognostic information in predicting the severity of axial syndesmophyte formation. Although entheseal outcome scoring systems are available, there is sparse data on its use as an outcome tool, and hence, this is a fertile area for future research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 653-1 West Eight Street, LRC 2nd Floor L-14, Jacksonville, FL, 32209-6561, USA

    Gurjit S. Kaeley

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Correspondence to Gurjit S. Kaeley.

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Consultant Novartis, Janssen.

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Kaeley, G.S. Visualization of Enthesitis by Ultrasound: a Key Diagnostic Tool in Spondyloarthropathy Diagnosis and Management. Curr Rheumatol Rep 22, 48 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-020-00927-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-020-00927-2

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