Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Is There an Age Threshold for Holding Off on Testing Novel Therapies?

  • Palliative Medicine (A Jatoi, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Oncology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

We will review the reasons that explain the poor accrual of elderly patients to clinical trials, then we will discuss the relevance of an age threshold for holding off on testing novel therapies.

Recent Findings

Little progress has been made in enrolling elderly patients in clinical trials.

Summary

Reasons to hold off on testing novel therapies in elderly patients are mainly explained by exclusion criteria and industrials’ reluctance to include elderly patients for fear of negative results. No age threshold should exist for testing novel therapies as long as well-designed clinical trials are developed and requested by regulatory authorities. Furthermore, clinical trials assessing novel anticancer therapies such as targeted therapies or immune checkpoint inhibitors should be developed in elderly patients regardless of age as these therapies may present a favorable benefit-risk profile compared to chemotherapy which is often more toxic and at risk of geriatric deconditioning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. Yancik R. Population aging and cancer: a cross-national concern. Cancer J. 2005;11(6):437–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/00130404-200511000-00002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Begg CB, Carbone PP. Clinical trials and drug toxicity in the elderly. The experience of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer. 1983;52(11):1986–92.

  3. Kennedy BJ. Aging and cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1988;6(12):1903–11. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1988.6.12.1903.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Freedman LS, Simon R, Foulkes MA, Friedman L, Geller NL, Gordon DJ, et al. Inclusion of women and minorities in clinical trials and the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993—the perspective of NIH clinical trialists. Control Clin Trials. 1995;16(5):277–85; discussion 86-9, 93-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(95)00048-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hurria A, Cohen HJ, Extermann M. Geriatric oncology research in the cooperative groups: a report of a SIOG special meeting. J Geriatr Oncol. 2010;1(1):40–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2010.03.005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Hurria A, Mohile SG, Dale W. Research priorities in geriatric oncology: addressing the needs of an aging population. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2012;10(2):286–8. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2012.0025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Pallis AG, Ring A, Fortpied C, Penninckx B, Van Nes MC, Wedding U, et al. EORTC workshop on clinical trial methodology in older individuals with a diagnosis of solid tumors. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(8):1922–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq687.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Trimble EL, Carter CL, Cain D, Freidlin B, Ungerleider RS, Friedman MA. Representation of older patients in cancer treatment trials. Cancer. 1994;74(7 Suppl):2208–14.

  9. Hutchins LF, Unger JM, Crowley JJ, Coltman CA Jr, Albain KS. Underrepresentation of patients 65 years of age or older in cancer-treatment trials. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(27):2061–7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199912303412706.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lewis JH, Kilgore ML, Goldman DP, Trimble EL, Kaplan R, Montello MJ, et al. Participation of patients 65 years of age or older in cancer clinical trials. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;21(7):1383–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.08.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Talarico L, Chen G, Pazdur R. Enrollment of elderly patients in clinical trials for cancer drug registration: a 7-year experience by the US Food and Drug Administration. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2004;22(22):4626–31. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.02.175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Administration FaD: Guideline for the study and evaluation of special populations: geriatric. 1983. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/index.htm.

  13. Scher KS, Hurria A. Under-representation of older adults in cancer registration trials: known problem, little progress. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2012;30(17):2036–8. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.41.6727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. • Le Saux O, Falandry C, Gan HK, You B, Freyer G, Peron J. Inclusion of elderly patients in oncology clinical trials. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(9):1799–804. This reference is important because it shows that little progress has been made over the years in including elderly patients in pivotal clinical trials, which are mainly sponsored by industrials. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bellera C, Praud D, Petit-Moneger A, McKelvie-Sebileau P, Soubeyran P, Mathoulin-Pelissier S. Barriers to inclusion of older adults in randomised controlled clinical trials on non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2013;39(7):812–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.01.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Shenoy P, Harugeri A. Elderly patients’ participation in clinical trials. Perspect Clin Res. 2015;6(4):184–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.167099.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Procter M, Leyland-Jones B, Goldhirsch A, Untch M, Smith I, et al. Trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(16):1659–72. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chavez-MacGregor M, Zhang N, Buchholz TA, Zhang Y, Niu J, Elting L, et al. Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity among older patients with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(33):4222–8. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.48.7884.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Chen J, Long JB, Hurria A, Owusu C, Steingart RM, Gross CP. Incidence of heart failure or cardiomyopathy after adjuvant trastuzumab therapy for breast cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(24):2504–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.068.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hershman DL, Wright JD, Lim E, Buono DL, Tsai WY, Neugut AI. Contraindicated use of bevacizumab and toxicity in elderly patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(28):3592–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.48.4857.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Mourey L, Gravis-Mescam G, Sevin E, Priou F, Bompas E, Sarda C, et al. Is docetaxel-prednisone (DP) feasible in frail elderly (75+) patient with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer (CRMPC)? A prospective randomized study after geriatric assessment from gerico and getug unicancer groups. J Geriatr Oncol. 2013;4:S36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2013.09.029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Falandry C, Brain E, Bonnefoy M, Mefti F, Jovenin N, Rigal O, et al. Impact of geriatric risk factors on pegylated liposomal doxorubicin tolerance and efficacy in elderly metastatic breast cancer patients: final results of the DOGMES multicentre GINECO trial. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(13):2806–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.027.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kemeny MM, Peterson BL, Kornblith AB, Muss HB, Wheeler J, Levine E, et al. Barriers to clinical trial participation by older women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;21(12):2268–75. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.09.124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Javid SH, Unger JM, Gralow JR, Moinpour CM, Wozniak AJ, Goodwin JW, et al. A prospective analysis of the influence of older age on physician and patient decision-making when considering enrollment in breast cancer clinical trials (SWOG S0316). Oncologist. 2012;17(9):1180–90. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0384.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. • Swaminathan D, Swaminathan V. Geriatric oncology: problems with under-treatment within this population. Cancer Biol Med. 2015;12(4):275–83. This reference is important because it highlights the difficulties that physicians are facing when taking care of an elderly patient leading to undertreatment for fear of toxicities. https://doi.org/10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0081.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Townsley CA, Selby R, Siu LL. Systematic review of barriers to the recruitment of older patients with cancer onto clinical trials. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23(13):3112–24. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.00.141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Grisso T, Appelbaum PS, Hill-Fotouhi C. The MacCAT-T: a clinical tool to assess patients’ capacities to make treatment decisions. Psychiatr Serv. 1997;48(11):1415–9. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.48.11.1415.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. White MC, Holman DM, Boehm JE, Peipins LA, Grossman M, Henley SJ. Age and cancer risk: a potentially modifiable relationship. Am J Prev Med. 2014;46(3 Suppl 1):S7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.029.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Mangoni AA, Jackson SH. Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: basic principles and practical applications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(1):6–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Franceschi C. Inflammaging as a major characteristic of old people: can it be prevented or cured? Nutr Rev. 2007;65(12 Pt 2):S173–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Wildiers H, Mauer M, Pallis A, Hurria A, Mohile SG, Luciani A, et al. End points and trial design in geriatric oncology research: a joint European organisation for research and treatment of cancer—Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology—International Society Of Geriatric Oncology position article. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(29):3711–8. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.49.6125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Lange M, Laviec H, Castel H, Heutte N, Leconte A, Leger I, et al. Impact of new generation hormone-therapy on cognitive function in elderly patients treated for a metastatic prostate cancer: Cog-Pro trial protocol. BMC Cancer. 2017;17(1):549. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3534-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. • Robert C, Long GV, Brady B, Dutriaux C, Maio M, Mortier L, et al. Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(4):320–30. This reference is important as it highlights that specific anticancer drugs can be more efficient in elderly patients such as immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to standard cytotoxic therapies and are interesting to assess in clinical trials without an age threshold. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1412082.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Food and Drug Administration: 1983 guideline for the study and evaluation of special populations: geriatric. http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/index.htm.

  35. Aparicio T, Lavau-Denes S, Phelip JM, Maillard E, Jouve JL, Gargot D, et al. Randomized phase III trial in elderly patients comparing LV5FU2 with or without irinotecan for first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (FFCD 2001-02). Ann Oncol. 2016;27(1):121–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv491.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Aparicio T, Gargot D, Teillet L, Maillard E, Genet D, Cretin J, et al. Geriatric factors analyses from FFCD 2001-02 phase III study of first-line chemotherapy for elderly metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2017;74:98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Peyrade F, Jardin F, Thieblemont C, Thyss A, Emile JF, Castaigne S, et al. Attenuated immunochemotherapy regimen (R-miniCHOP) in elderly patients older than 80 years with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(5):460–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70069-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Dall P, Lenzen G, Gohler T, Lerchenmuller C, Feisel-Schwickardi G, Koch T, et al. Trastuzumab in the treatment of elderly patients with early breast cancer: results from an observational study in Germany. J Geriatr Oncol. 2015;6(6):462–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2015.06.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Peters E, Anzeneder T, Jackisch C, Dimpfl T, Kunz G, Katalinic A, et al. The treatment of primary breast cancer in older women with adjuvant therapy: a retrospective analysis of data from over 3000 patients from the PATH Biobank, with two-year follow-up. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(35–36):577–84. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2015.0577.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Chavez-MacGregor M, Niu J, Zhang N, Elting LS, Smith BD, Banchs J, et al. Cardiac monitoring during adjuvant trastuzumab-based chemotherapy among older patients with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2015;33(19):2176–83. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.58.9465.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Balducci L. Geriatric oncology: challenges for the new century. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36(14):1741–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00169-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yellen SB, Cella DF, Leslie WT. Age and clinical decision making in oncology patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86(23):1766–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.23.1766.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Seymour MT, Thompson LC, Wasan HS, Middleton G, Brewster AE, Shepherd SF, et al. Chemotherapy options in elderly and frail patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS2): an open-label, randomised factorial trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9779):1749–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60399-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Ardizzoni A, Favaretto A, Boni L, Baldini E, Castiglioni F, Antonelli P, et al. Platinum-etoposide chemotherapy in elderly patients with small-cell lung cancer: results of a randomized multicenter phase II study assessing attenuated-dose or full-dose with lenograstim prophylaxis—a Forza Operativa Nazionale Italiana Carcinoma Polmonare and Gruppo Studio Tumori Polmonari Veneto (FONICAP-GSTPV) study. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23(3):569–75. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.11.140.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olivia Le Saux.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Olivia Le Saux declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Claire Falandry has received research support through grants from Novartis, Pfizer/Hospira, Chugai, Astellas, and Pierre Fabre, and has received compensation from Roche, Teva, Pfizer/Hospira, Chugai, Janssen, and Astellas for service as a consultant.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Palliative Medicine

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Le Saux, O., Falandry, C. Is There an Age Threshold for Holding Off on Testing Novel Therapies?. Curr Oncol Rep 20, 6 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-018-0663-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-018-0663-4

Keywords

Navigation