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Angiotensin-(1–7) and Alamandine on Experimental Models of Hypertension and Atherosclerosis

  • Pathogenesis of Hypertension (W Elliott and R Santos, Section Editors)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the role of angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)] and alamandine in experimental hypertension and atherosclerosis.

Recent Findings

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a very complex system, composed of a cascade of enzymes, peptides, and receptors, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Ang-(1–7), identified and characterized in 1987, and alamandine, discovered 16 years after, are the newest two main effector molecules from the RAS, protecting the vascular system against hypertension and atherosclerosis.

Summary

While the beneficial effects of Ang-(1–7) have been widely studied in several experimental models of hypertension, much less studies were performed in experimental models of atherosclerosis. Alamandine has shown similar vascular effects to Ang-(1–7), namely, endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation mediated by nitric oxide and hypotensive effects in experimental hypertension. There are few studies on the effects of alamandine on atherosclerosis.

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Abbreviations

2K1C:

Two-kidney, one clip

Ang-(1–7):

Angiotensin-(1–7)

A-779:

D-Ala7-Angiotensin-(1–7)

ACE:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

ACE2:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

AdACE2:

Transfected plasmids for ACE2

Ang A:

Angiotensin A

Ang I:

Angiotensin I

Ang II:

Angiotensin II

Ang III:

Angiotensin-(2–8)

Ang IV:

Angiotensin-(3–8)

Ang-(1–4):

Angiotensin-(1–4)

Ang-(1–5):

Angiotensin-(1–5)

Ang-(1–9):

Angiotensin-(1–9)

ANP:

Atrial natriuretric peptide

ApoE-KO:

ApolE knockout

AT1R:

Angiotensin receptor type I

AT2R:

Angiotensin receptor type II

AVP:

arginine vasopressin

Bcl2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

BLA:

basolateral amygdala

BW:

body weight

CAT:

Catalase

CHO cells:

Chinese hamster ovary cells

CVD:

cardiovascular diseases

CVLM:

caudal ventrolateral medulla

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

DKO:

Double-knockout

DOCA-salt:

Deoxycorticosterone acetate salt

D-Pro7Ang-(1-7) :

D-Pro7Angiotensin-(1-7)

GMP:

Guanosine monophosphate

Gp91:

subunit of phagocyte NADPH oxidase

HF:

High frequency

HNS:

hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system

HPβCD:

2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

HR:

Heart rate

HUVEC:

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells

HW:

heart weight

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

IL-12:

Interleukin-12

MAP:

Mean arterial pressure

MasR:

Mas receptor

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

MMP-3:

Matrix metalloproteinases 3

MMP-8:

Matrix metalloproteinases 8

MMP-9:

Matrixmetalloproteinases 9

(mRen2)27:

Hypertensive transgenic rats

MrgD:

Mas-related G protein-coupled type D

NFAT:

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells

NO:

Nitric oxide

NZW:

New Zealand white

p38 MAPK:

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

RAS:

Renin-angiotensin system

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RSNA:

Renal sympathetic nerve activity

RVLM:

Rostral ventrolateral medulla

SAA:

Skeletal α-actin

SaA:

Serum amyloid A

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

SD:

Sprague-Dawley

SHR:

Spontaneously hypertensive rats

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TGF-1:

Transforming growth factor-1

TIMP-2:

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2

VCAM-1:

vascular cell adhesion protein-1

VSMC:

Vascular smooth muscle cells

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  1. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil

    Fernando Pedro de Souza-Neto, Melissa Carvalho Santuchi, Mario de Morais e Silva, Maria José Campagnole-Santos & Rafaela Fernandes da Silva

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  1. Fernando Pedro de Souza-Neto
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de Souza-Neto, F.P., Carvalho Santuchi, M., de Morais e Silva, M. et al. Angiotensin-(1–7) and Alamandine on Experimental Models of Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. Curr Hypertens Rep 20, 17 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0798-6

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