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Sex-Related Differences in Heart Failure Diagnosis

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

The literature on the importance of sex in heart failure diagnosis is scarce. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on sex differences regarding the diagnosis of heart failure.

Recent Findings

Comorbidities are frequent in patients with heart failure, and their prevalence differs between sexes; some differences in symptomatology and diagnostic imaging techniques were also found. Biomarkers also usually show differences between sexes but are not significant enough to establish sex-specific ranges.

Summary

This article outlines current information related to sex differences in HF diagnosis. Research in this field remains to be done. Maintaining a high diagnostic suspicion, actively searching for the disease, and considering the sex is relevant for early diagnosis and better prognosis. In addition, more studies with equal representation are needed.

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Data Availability

All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper.

Abbreviations

CA125:

Carbohydrate 125

HF:

Heart failure

NT-proBNP:

N-terminal Pro-B type natriuretic peptide

sST2:

Soluble isoform of suppression of tumorigenesis-2

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as • Of importance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010, Valencia, Spain

    Daniela Maidana, Clara Bonanad, Andrea Arroyo-Álvarez, Guillermo Barreres-Martín, Carles Muñoz-Alfonso, Eva Maicas-Alcaine, Cristina García-Pérez, Andrea Aparici-Redal & Victòria Freitas-Durks

  2. Cardiology Department, Clinic University Hospital of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain

    Clara Bonanad

  3. University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Clara Bonanad & Alberto Esteban-Fernández

  4. Alcorcon Foundation University Hospital, 28922, Madrid, Spain

    Carolina Ortiz-Cortés

  5. Cardiology Department, University Hospital Severo Ochoa, 28911, Leganés, Madrid, Spain

    Alberto Esteban-Fernández

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The authors, Daniela Maidana, Clara Bonanad-Lozano, Andrea Arroyo-Álvarez, Guillermo Barreres-Martín, Carles Muñoz-Alfonso, Cristina García-Pérez, Eva Maicas-Alcaine, Andrea Aparici-Redal, Victòria Freitas-Durks, and Alberto Esteban-Fernández, declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Maidana, D., Bonanad, C., Ortiz-Cortés, C. et al. Sex-Related Differences in Heart Failure Diagnosis. Curr Heart Fail Rep 20, 254–262 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-023-00609-x

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