Abstract
Purpose of Review
In this review, we will describe the techniques which we have developed to properly diagnose the constipation component of pediatric bowel and bladder disorders (BBD) in children and the treatment techniques that most rapidly and effectively resolve these issues.
Recent Findings
Constipation is commonly understood to be a major component of dysfunctional elimination syndrome in children. All methodologies described for the treatment of overactive bladder dysfunction in the pediatric population include the treatment of constipation as a critical component.
Summary
Diagnostic techniques that remain inconclusive are best used to diagnose constipation and the treatment modalities most ideally suited to address bowel dysfunction in these patients.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
Milanovic D, Sremcevic D, Perovic S, Scepanovic D, Krstic Z. Stenosis of the external urethral opening as one of the causes of recurrent urinary infections in girls--surgical treatment. Acta Chir Iugosl. 1989;36:229–37.
• Palmer LS. Biofeedback in the management of urinary continence in children. Curr Urol Rep. 2010;11:122–7. Discuss biofeedback development.
Hinman F Jr. Nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder (the Hinman syndrome)—15 years later. J Urol. 1986;136:769–77.
Sillén U. Bladder Dysfunction and Vesicoureteral Reflux Adv Urol. 2008; 2008: 815472.
Yeung CK. The normal infant bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1995;173:19–23.
Zerin JM, Chen E, Ritchey ML, Bloom DA. Bladder capacity as measured at voiding cystourethrography in children: relationship to toilet training and frequency of micturition. Radiology. 1993;187:803–6.
Richardson I, Palmer LS. Clinical and urodynamic spectrum of bladder function in cerebral palsy. J Urol. 2009;182:1945–8.
Hodges SJ, Patel B, McLorie G, Atala A. Posterior urethral valves. Sci World J. 2009;9:1119–26.
Chung DE, Sandhu JS. Overactive bladder and outlet obstruction in men. Curr Urol Rep. 2011 Feb;12(1):77–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-010-0157-x.
Madersbacher H. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction in patients with myelomeningocele. Curr Opin Urol. 2002;12:469–72.
Franco I. New ideas in the cause of bladder dysfunction in children. Curr Opin Urol. 2011;21:334–8.
Koff SA. Relationship between dysfunctional voiding and reflux. J Urol. 1992;148:1703–5.
Shopfner CE. Urinary tract pathology associated with constipation. Radiology. 1968;90:865–77.
O’Regan S, Schick E, Hamburger B, Yazbeck S. Constipation associated with vesicoureteral reflux. Urology. 1986;28:394–6.
O’Regan S, Yazbeck S. Constipation: a cause of enuresis, urinary tract infection and vesico-ureteral reflux in children. Med Hypotheses. 1985;17:409–13.
O’Regan S, Yazbeck S, Hamberger B, Schick E. Constipation a commonly unrecognized cause of enuresis. Am J Dis Child. 1986;140:260–1.
O’Regan S, Yazbeck S, Schick E. Constipation, bladder instability, urinary tract infection syndrome. Clin Nephrol. 1985;23:152–4.
Robson WL. Current management of nocturnal enuresis. Curr Opin Urol. 2008;18:425–30.
Loening-Baucke V. Urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection and their resolution with treatment of chronic constipation of childhood. Pediatrics. 1997;100:228–32.
Hinman F. Urinary tract damage in children who wet. Pediatrics. 1974;54:143–50.
Breda G, Bianchi GP, Bonomi U, Piacentini I, Farello G. Faecal stasis and bacteriuria: experimental research in rats. Urol Res. 1975;2:155–7.
• Soave F. Megacolon: long-term results of surgical treatment. Prog Pediatr Surg. 1977;10:141–9. 30 year study on Duhamel operations and their effect on Hirschsprung’s Disease.
Bailey JA, Powers JJ, Waylonis GW. A clinical evaluation of electromyography of the anal sphincter. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1970;51:403–8.
Peeters B, Benninga MA, Hennekam RC. Childhood constipation; an overview of genetic studies and associated syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;25:73–88.
Barone JG, Jasutkar N, Schneider D. Later toilet training is associated with urge incontinence in children. J Pediatr Urol. 2009;5:458–61.
Aspirot A, Fernandez S, Di Lorenzo C, Skaggs B, Mousa H. Antegrade enemas for defecation disorders: do they improve the colonic motility? J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44:1575–80.
He W, Chen M, Zu X, Li Y, Ning K, Qi L. Chronic prostatitis presenting with dysfunctional voiding and effects of pelvic floor biofeedback treatment. BJU Int. 2010;105:975–7.
Malone PS. Dysfunctional voiding. J Pediatr Urol. 2009;5:2.
Lakshminarayanan B, Kufeji D, Clayden G. A new ultrasound scoring system for assessing the severity of constipation in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2008;24:1379–84.
•• Levitt M, Peña A. Update on paediatric faecal incontinence. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2009;19(1):1. Study on the fecal incontinence and its effect.
Mosiello G, Marshall D, Rolle U, Crétolle C, Santacruz BG, Frischer J, et al. Consensus review of best practice of transanal irrigation in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Mar;64(3):343–52.
Ellsworth P, Caldamone A. Pediatric voiding dysfunction: current evaluation and management. Urol Nurs. 2008;28:249–57. 283; quiz 258.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Dr. Hodges declares no conflicts of interests.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Pediatric Bladder Dysfunction
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hodges, S.J. Enema Regimen in Pediatric Bladder Dysfunction. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep 12, 225–228 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-017-0447-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-017-0447-y