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Review of land use specific source contributions in PM2.5 concentration in urban areas in India

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Abstract

Source apportionment studies are expected to provide relative contribution of different sources responsible for deteriorated air quality in an urban area, so that the agency responsible for urban air quality management can adopt prioritized source-specific control measures. Robust assessment of source contributions in a typical urban land-use pattern is the prime step for development of effective emission control strategies. This necessitates a critical review of the PM2.5 source apportionment studies conducted in different urban land uses and delineation of the dominant sources along with its contribution to reveal the diversifications among the peculiar land use classifications even within the same city. The present study reviewed the source apportionment studies carried out at 37 locations from seven Indian cities and categorized the sources contribution on seasonal (winters and summers) average basis for residential, commercial, industrial, kerbside, and mixed locations. The findings of the review studies inferred considerable variations in the source’s contribution to air pollution with land use change. For example, during winter, domestic/biomass emission was reported as a significant source in residential (34%), commercial (26%), mixed (46%), industrial (31%), and road side (27%) locations in Delhi city in North India. However, vehicle (57%) was found to be the dominant source in residential area whose contribution increased up to 76% at road side location in Bangalore City in South India. It is also observed that source contributions vary in different seasons depending upon the activity levels. More or less similar observation was found in other cities selected for this study. The variations in source apportionment findings for a particular city might be attributed to heterogeneity of sources/major activity areas, nonuniform adoption of methodology. The study emphasizes on the need for the development of urban air quality management plan based on the land use specific source apportionment studies.

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Abbreviations

AMS:

Accelerator mass spectrometry

ASS:

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

BAM:

Beta attenuation monitor

IC:

Ion chromatography

CMB:

Chemical mass balance

COPREM:

Constrained physical receptor model

DRI:

Desert Research Institute

ED-XRF:

Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence

FDMS:

Filter dynamics measurement system

GC-MS:

Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry

ICP-AES:

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

ICP-OES:

Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy

LC-MS:

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

MLR:

Multi linear regression

PCA:

Principal component analysis

PIXE:

Proton induced X-ray emission

PMF:

Positive matrix factorization

TEOM:

Tapered element oscillating microbalance

VAPS:

Versatile air pollutant sampler

XRF:

X-Ray Fluorescence

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  1. Delhi Zonal Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Naraina, New Delhi, 110028, India

    Prachi Goyal, Sunil Gulia & S. K. Goyal

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India

    Prachi Goyal

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Goyal, P., Gulia, S. & Goyal, S.K. Review of land use specific source contributions in PM2.5 concentration in urban areas in India. Air Qual Atmos Health 14, 691–704 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00972-x

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