Abstract
Graphite is a vital natural mineral material that is used to synthesize graphene oxide. In the present study, polyurethane/phenolic/graphene oxide composite materials were prepared from polyisocyanate prepolymer, phenolic resin prepolymer, and graphene oxide then treated with boric acid, ferric chloride, and zinc chloride and carbonized at high temperatures to synthesize boron-doped carbon powder (UFGC-B-Fe-Zn). The UFGC-B-Fe-Zn exhibited a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area SBET of 885.9759 m2 g−1 and a specific pore volume of 0.550491 cm3 g−1, as well as high specific capacitance of 377.4 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. Used as an electrode material for supercapacitors, UFGC-B-Fe-Zn exhibited excellent rate capability and durability as well as low charge and ion diffusion resistance. In 6 M KOH electrolyte, the assembled symmetrical supercapacitor achieved relatively high energy density of 7.43 Wh kg−1 at 474 W kg−1. Moreover, it displayed excellent cycling stability (90.9% retention rate after 5000 cycles).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Demirezen, A. Kaya, S.A. Yerişkin, M. Balbaşı, and İ Uslu, S. Demirezen, A. Kaya, S.A. Yerişkin, M. Balbaşı, and İ Uslu, Res. Phys. 6, 180–185 (2016).
J.L. Zheng, X. Pan, X.M. Huang, D.B. Xiong, Y. Shang, X.X. Li, N. Wang, W.M. Lau, and H.Y. Yang, J.L. Zheng, X. Pan, X.M. Huang, D.B. Xiong, Y. Shang, X.X. Li, N. Wang, W.M. Lau, and H.Y. Yang, Chem. Eng. J. 396, 125197 (2020).
N.L.W. Septiani, Y.V. Kaneti, K.B. Fathoni, J. Wang, Y. Ide, B. Yuliarto, Nugraha, H.K. Dipojono, A.K. Nanjundan, D. Golberg, Y. Bando, and Y. Yamauchi, N.L.W. Septiani, Y.V. Kaneti, K.B. Fathoni, J. Wang, Y. Ide, B. Yuliarto, Nugraha, H.K. Dipojono, A.K. Nanjundan, D. Golberg, Y. Bando, and Y. Yamauchi, Nano Energy 67, 104270 (2020).
S. Satpathy, S. Das, and B.K. Bhattacharyya, S. Satpathy, S. Das, and B.K. Bhattacharyya, J. Energy Storage 27, 101044 (2020).
Q. Miao, F. Rouhani, H. Moghanni-Bavil-Olyaei, K.G. Liu, X.M. Gao, J.Z. Li, X.D. Hu, Z.M. Jin, M.L. Hu, and A. Morsali, Q. Miao, F. Rouhani, H. Moghanni-Bavil-Olyaei, K.G. Liu, X.M. Gao, J.Z. Li, X.D. Hu, Z.M. Jin, M.L. Hu, and A. Morsali, Chem. Eur. J. 10, 1002 (2020).
J.H. Jiang, W.D. Shi, S.Y. Song, Q.L. Hao, W.Q. Fan, X.F. Xia, X. Zhang, Q. Wang, and D. Yan, J.H. Jiang, W.D. Shi, S.Y. Song, Q.L. Hao, W.Q. Fan, X.F. Xia, X. Zhang, Q. Wang, and D. Yan, J. Power Sources. 248, 1281 (2014).
Q. Abbas, and F. Béguin, Q. Abbas, and F. Béguin, Prog. Nat. Sci. 25, 622 (2015).
H. Sun, P. She, K.L. Xu, Y.X. Shang, S.Y. Yin, and Z.N. Liu, H. Sun, P. She, K.L. Xu, Y.X. Shang, S.Y. Yin, and Z.N. Liu, Synth. Met. 209, 68 (2015).
M. Mohan, K.N.N. Unni, and R.B. Rakhi, M. Mohan, K.N.N. Unni, and R.B. Rakhi, Vacuum 166, 335 (2019).
D. Shao, L. Wang, B. Lu, J. Guo, S. Zhang, and Y. Lu, D. Shao, L. Wang, B. Lu, J. Guo, S. Zhang, and Y. Lu, J. Electroanal. Chem. 847, 113188 (2019).
Z.G. Özdemir, N.Y. Canli, B. Senkal, Y. Gürsel, and M. Okutan, Z.G. Özdemir, N.Y. Canli, B. Senkal, Y. Gürsel, and M. Okutan, J. Mol. Liq. 211, 442 (2015).
J. Huo, P. Zheng, X. Wang, and S. Guo, J. Huo, P. Zheng, X. Wang, and S. Guo, Appl. Surf. Sci. 442, 575 (2018).
K.V. Karthik, N.S. Shruthi, V. Ganagaraju, and D. Rangappa, K.V. Karthik, N.S. Shruthi, V. Ganagaraju, and D. Rangappa, Mater. Today Proc. 4, 12229–12237 (2017).
L. Sun, H. Zhou, L. Li, Y. Yao, H.N. Qu, C.L. Zhang, S.H. Liu, and Y.M. Zhou, L. Sun, H. Zhou, L. Li, Y. Yao, H.N. Qu, C.L. Zhang, S.H. Liu, and Y.M. Zhou, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 26088 (2007).
F.Y. Ke, J. Tang, S.Y. Guang, and H.Y. Xu, F.Y. Ke, J. Tang, S.Y. Guang, and H.Y. Xu, RSC Adv. 6, 14712 (2016).
T. Eguchi, D. Tashima, M. Fukuma, and S. Kumagai, T. Eguchi, D. Tashima, M. Fukuma, and S. Kumagai, J. Clean Prod. 259, 120822 (2020).
X. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Du, M. Qing, F. Yu, Z.Q. Tian, and P.K. Shen, X. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Du, M. Qing, F. Yu, Z.Q. Tian, and P.K. Shen, Electrochim. Acta 20, 272 (2019).
A. Kurniawan, L.K. Ong, F. Kurniawan, C.X. Lin, F.E. Soetaredjo, X.S. Zhao, and S. Ismadji, A. Kurniawan, L.K. Ong, F. Kurniawan, C.X. Lin, F.E. Soetaredjo, X.S. Zhao, and S. Ismadji, RSC Adv. 4, 34739 (2014).
L. Sun, H. Zhou, Y. Li, F. Yu, C. Zhang, X. Liu, and Y. Zhou, L. Sun, H. Zhou, Y. Li, F. Yu, C. Zhang, X. Liu, and Y. Zhou, Mater. Lett. 189, 107 (2017).
P. Wang, G. Zhang, M.Y. Li, Y.X. Yin, J.Y. Li, G. Li, W.P. Wang, P. Wen, F.F. Cao, and Y.G. Guo, P. Wang, G. Zhang, M.Y. Li, Y.X. Yin, J.Y. Li, G. Li, W.P. Wang, P. Wen, F.F. Cao, and Y.G. Guo, Chem. Eng. J. 375, 122020 (2019).
L. Sun, Y. Yao, Y. Zhou, L. Li, H. Zhou, M. Guo, S. Liu, C. Feng, Z. Qi, B. Gao, and A.C.S. Sustain, L. Sun, Y. Yao, Y. Zhou, L. Li, H. Zhou, M. Guo, S. Liu, C. Feng, Z. Qi, B. Gao, and A.C.S. Sustain, Chem. Eng. 6, 13494 (2018).
X.L. Dong, A.H. Lu, B. He, and W.C. Li, X.L. Dong, A.H. Lu, B. He, and W.C. Li, J. Power Sources. 327, 535 (2016).
H. Sun, H. Quan, M. Pan, Z. Zhang, Y. Zeng, and D. Chen, H. Sun, H. Quan, M. Pan, Z. Zhang, Y. Zeng, and D. Chen, J. Alloys Compd. 826, 154208 (2020).
H. Lin, Y. Liu, Z. Chang, S. Yan, S. Liu, and S. Han, H. Lin, Y. Liu, Z. Chang, S. Yan, S. Liu, and S. Han, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 292, 109707 (2020).
M. Harmas, T. Thomberg, H. Kurig, T. Romann, A. Jänes, and E. Lust, M. Harmas, T. Thomberg, H. Kurig, T. Romann, A. Jänes, and E. Lust, J. Power Sources. 326, 624 (2016).
M. Härmas, T. Thomberg, and A. Jänes, M. Härmas, T. Thomberg, and A. Jänes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 167, 080533 (2020).
S.S. Balaji, M. Karnan, P. Anandhaganesh, S.M. Tauquir, and M. Sathish, S.S. Balaji, M. Karnan, P. Anandhaganesh, S.M. Tauquir, and M. Sathish, Appl. Surf. Sci. 491, 560 (2019).
L. Niu, Z. Li, W. Hong, J. Sun, Z. Wang, L. Ma, J. Wang, and S. Yang, L. Niu, Z. Li, W. Hong, J. Sun, Z. Wang, L. Ma, J. Wang, and S. Yang, Electrochim. Acta. 108, 666 (2013).
J. Li, X. Li, D. Xiong, L. Wang, and D. Li, J. Li, X. Li, D. Xiong, L. Wang, and D. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 475, 285 (2019).
J. Gao, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. Liu, Q. Lu, and M. Liu, J. Gao, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. Liu, Q. Lu, and M. Liu, Electrochim. Acta. 207, 266 (2016).
R. Nankya, J. Lee, D.O. Opar, and H. Jung, R. Nankya, J. Lee, D.O. Opar, and H. Jung, Appl. Surf. Sci. 489, 552 (2019).
L.K. Shrestha, R.G. Shrestha, S. Maji, B.P. Pokharel, R. Rajbhandari, R.L. Shrestha, R.R. Pradhananga, J.P. Hill, and K. Ariga, L.K. Shrestha, R.G. Shrestha, S. Maji, B.P. Pokharel, R. Rajbhandari, R.L. Shrestha, R.R. Pradhananga, J.P. Hill, and K. Ariga, Nanomaterials. 10, 728 (2020).
J. Li, F. Luo, T. Lin, J. Yang, S. Yang, D. He, D. Xiao, and W. Liu, J. Li, F. Luo, T. Lin, J. Yang, S. Yang, D. He, D. Xiao, and W. Liu, Chem. Phys. Lett. 753, 137597 (2020).
R.L. Shrestha, T. Shrestha, B.M. Tamrakar, R.G. Shrestha, S. Maji, K. Ariga, and L.K. Shrestha, R.L. Shrestha, T. Shrestha, B.M. Tamrakar, R.G. Shrestha, S. Maji, K. Ariga, and L.K. Shrestha, Materials. 13, 2371 (2020).
W.S. Hummers, R.E. Offeman, and J. Am, W.S. Hummers, and R.E. Offeman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 1339 (1985).
R. Yan, K. Leus, J.P. Hofmann, M. Antonietti, and M. Oschatz, R. Yan, K. Leus, J.P. Hofmann, M. Antonietti, and M. Oschatz, Nano Energy. 67, 104240 (2020).
Z. Chen, L. Hou, Y. Cao, Y. Tang, and Y. Li, Z. Chen, L. Hou, Y. Cao, Y. Tang, and Y. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 435, 937 (2018).
J.L.G. Urbano, G.M. Fernandez, M. Arnaiz, J. Ajuria, T. Rojo, and D. Carriazo, J.L.G. Urbano, G.M. Fernandez, M. Arnaiz, J. Ajuria, T. Rojo, and D. Carriazo, Carbon 162, 273 (2020).
B. Ashourirad, M. Demir, R.A. Smith, R.B. Gupta, and H.M. El-Kaderi, B. Ashourirad, M. Demir, R.A. Smith, R.B. Gupta, and H.M. El-Kaderi, RSC Adv. 8, 12300 (2018).
H. Jia, S. Qiu, W. Li, D. Liu, and X. Xie, H. Jia, S. Qiu, W. Li, D. Liu, and X. Xie, J. Electroanal. Chem. 863, 114057 (2020).
K. Zeng, J. Su, X. Cao, X. Zheng, X. Li, J.H. Tian, C. Jin, and R. Yang, K. Zeng, J. Su, X. Cao, X. Zheng, X. Li, J.H. Tian, C. Jin, and R. Yang, J. Alloys Compd. 824, 153908 (2020).
X. Hu, Y. Deng, J. Zhou, B. Liu, A. Yang, T. Jin, and Y.F. Tsang, X. Hu, Y. Deng, J. Zhou, B. Liu, A. Yang, T. Jin, and Y.F. Tsang, Sep. Purif. Technol. 251, 117376 (2020).
Y. Chang, C. Yuan, C. Liu, J. Mao, Y. Li, H. Wu, Y. Wu, Y. Xu, B. Zeng, and L. Dai, Y. Chang, C. Yuan, C. Liu, J. Mao, Y. Li, H. Wu, Y. Wu, Y. Xu, B. Zeng, and L. Dai, J. Power Sources. 365, 354 (2017).
Y. Ma, X. Zhang, Z. Liang, C. Wang, Y. Sui, B. Zheng, Y. Ye, W. Ma, Q. Zhao, and C. Qin, Y. Ma, X. Zhang, Z. Liang, C. Wang, Y. Sui, B. Zheng, Y. Ye, W. Ma, Q. Zhao, and C. Qin, Electrochim. Acta. 337, 135800 (2020).
C. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Ma, S. Lv, J. Xiang, M. Chu, T. Sun, and C. Qin, C. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Ma, S. Lv, J. Xiang, M. Chu, T. Sun, and C. Qin, J. Electrochem. Soc. 165, A1 (2018).
Y. Liang, Y. Lu, G. Xiao, J. Zhang, H. Chi, and Y. Dong, Y. Liang, Y. Lu, G. Xiao, J. Zhang, H. Chi, and Y. Dong, Appl. Surf. Sci. 529, 147141 (2020).
F. Wang, L. Chen, H. Li, G. Duan, S. He, L. Zhang, G. Zhang, Z. Zhou, and S. Jiang, F. Wang, L. Chen, H. Li, G. Duan, S. He, L. Zhang, G. Zhang, Z. Zhou, and S. Jiang, Chin. Chem. Lett. 31, 1986 (2020).
B. Yu, G. Jiang, C. Cao, N. Lei, C. Li, U. Evariste, and P. Ma, B. Yu, G. Jiang, C. Cao, N. Lei, C. Li, U. Evariste, and P. Ma, J. Energy Storage. 30, 101537 (2020).
S.A. Ansari, N. Parveen, H.M. Kotb, and A. Alshoaibi, S.A. Ansari, N. Parveen, H.M. Kotb, and A. Alshoaibi, Electrochim. Acta. 355, 136783 (2020).
Y. Huang, J. Yang, L. Hu, D. Xia, Q. Zhang, Y. Liao, H. Li, W. Yang, C. He, and D. Shu, Y. Huang, J. Yang, L. Hu, D. Xia, Q. Zhang, Y. Liao, H. Li, W. Yang, C. He, and D. Shu, Environ. Sci. NANO 6, 1430 (2019).
Z. Gao, X. Wang, J. Chang, D. Wu, L. Wang, X. Liu, F. Xu, Y. Guo, and K. Jiang, Z. Gao, X. Wang, J. Chang, D. Wu, L. Wang, X. Liu, F. Xu, Y. Guo, and K. Jiang, RSC Adv. 5, 48665 (2015).
V. Thirumal, A. Pandurangan, R. Jayavel, and R. Ilangovan, V. Thirumal, A. Pandurangan, R. Jayavel, and R. Ilangovan, Synth. Met. 220, 524 (2016).
M. Wang, J. Yang, S. Liu, M. Li, C. Hu, and J. Qiu, M. Wang, J. Yang, S. Liu, M. Li, C. Hu, and J. Qiu, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 560, 69 (2020).
Y. Xu, Z. Lin, X. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Huang, and X. Duan, Y. Xu, Z. Lin, X. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Huang, and X. Duan, ACE NANO. 7, 4042 (2013).
H. Guo, and Q. Gao, H. Guo, and Q. Gao, J. Power Sources. 186, 551 (2009).
C. Wang, and T. Liu, C. Wang, and T. Liu, J. Alloys Compd. 696, 42 (2017).
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21372067) and the Joint Guidance Project of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (Grant No. LH2020E103).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lin, Z., Ren, X., Liu, J. et al. B-Doped Carbon Powder Synthesized from PU/PF/GO Composite as Electrode Material for Supercapacitors. JOM 73, 834–846 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04554-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04554-1