Abstract
To develop a more benign materials production route and encourage reuse of bauxite residue produced in the Bayer process, this study aimed to recover the alkali and alumina fractions from bauxite residue by using a novel calcification–carbonization (C–C) method. The obtained dealkalized and dealuminized residue (C–C residue) was then remediated for reclamation to consume all secondary tailings. The C–C process greatly reduced the salinity and alkalinity of the bauxite residue by extracting up to 80% of the alkali and over 40% of the alumina. The Na content in the leachate decreased significantly from 1340 mg/L in the bauxite residue to 0.26 mg/L in the C–C residue. To evaluate the environmental effects of the newly produced residue, the original bauxite residue and the C–C residue were regarded as soil samples for direct comparison with a natural soil and a nutritional soil for remediation purposes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G.H. Li, F.Q. Gu, T. Jiang, J. Luo, B.N. Deng, and Z.W. Peng, JOM 69, 315 (2017).
C. Klauber, M. Graefe, and G. Power, Hydrometallurgy 108, 11 (2011).
Q.Y. Zhao, X.F. Zhu, G.Z. Lv, Z.M. Zhang, Z.N. Yin, and T.A. Zhang, JOM 68, 1711 (2016).
X.F. Kong, Y. Guo, S.G. Xue, W. Hartley, Y.Z. Ye, and Q.Y. Cheng, J. Clean. Prod. 143, 224 (2017).
D. Higgins, T. Curtin, and R. Courtney, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24, 8516 (2017).
X.F. Li, Y.Z. Ye, S.G. Xue, J. Jiang, C. Wu, X.F. Kong, W. Hartley, and Y.W. Li, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 28, 1248 (2018).
C.S. Lv, J.W. Wang, Y.Z. Jia, H.L. Liu, and G.W. Li, J. Saf. Environ. 13, 98 (2013).
E. Ujaczkj, O. Klebercz, V. Feigl, M. Molnar, A. Magyar, N. Uzinger, and K. Gruiz, Period. Polytech Chem. Eng. 59, 253 (2015).
F. Zhu, Q.Y. Cheng, S.G. Xue, C.X. Li, W. Hartley, C. Wu, and T. Tian, Land Degrad. Dev. 29, 138 (2018).
X.F. Kong, C.X. Li, J. Jiang, L.B. Huang, W. Hartley, C. Wu, and S.G. Xue, J. Cent. South Univ. 26, 430 (2019).
J. Huang, L. Lin, Y.J. Yu, M.Z. Lan, J.S. Zhang, D.F. Gao, X.T. Wang, and J.B. Yang, Technical and Product Evaluation of Industrial Solid Waste (Beijing: China Standard Press, 2014), p. 77.
B.E.H. Jones, R.J. Haynes, and I.R. Phillips, J. Environ. Manag. 95, 29 (2012).
S.G. Xue, M. Li, J. Jiang, G.J. Millar, C.X. Li, and X.F. Kong, J. Environ. Sci. 77, 1 (2019).
S.G. Xue, Y.J. Wu, Y.W. Li, X.F. Kong, F. Zhu, W. Hartley, X.F. Li, and Y.Z. Ye, J. Cent. South Univ. 26, 268 (2019).
S.G. Xue, Y.Z. Ye, F. Zhu, Q.L. Wang, J. Jiang, and W. Hartley, J. Environ. Sci. 78, 276 (2019).
R.B. Li, T.A. Zhang, Y. Liu, G.Z. Lv, and L.Q. Xie, J. Hazard. Mater. 316, 94 (2016).
T.A. Zhang, G.Z. Lv, Y. Liu, Z.M. Zhang, X.F. Zhu, and Z.H. Dou, International Patent US15/303,408 (US patent), 2014392419 (Australian patent), 14891022.7 (European Patent).
G.Z. Lu, T.A. Zhang, X.F. Zhu, Y. Liu, Y.X. Wang, F.F. Guo, Q.Y. Zhao, and C.Z. Zheng, JOM 66, 1616 (2014).
Y.X. Wang, T.A. Zhang, G.Z. Lyu, F.F. Guo, W.G. Zhang, and Y.H. Zhang, J. Clean. Prod. 188, 456 (2018).
Y.X. Wang, T.A. Zhang, G.Z. Lv, W.G. Zhang, X.F. Zhu, and L.Q. Xie, Light Met. 2017, 61 (2017).
S.R. Zhao, Q.J. Bian, and Q.Y. Wang, Crystallography and Mineralogy, 2nd ed. (Beijing: High Education Press, 2011), p. 407.
Z. Wang, M.F. Han, Y.H. Zhang, and F.S. Zhou, Bull. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 9, 1851 (2013).
X.F. Kong, T. Tian, S.G. Xue, W. Hartley, L.B. Huang, C. Wu, and C.X. Li, Land Degrad. Dev. 29, 58 (2018).
A. Gelencser, N. Kovats, B. Turoczi, A. Rostasi, A. Hoffer, K. Imre, I. Nyiro-Kosa, D. Csakberenyi-Malasics, A. Toth, A. Czitrovszky, A. Nagy, S. Nagy, A. Acs, A. Kovacs, A. Ferincz, Z. Hartyani, and M. Posfai, Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 1608 (2011).
D.Y. Lin and Y.H. Xie, Edaphology, 2nd ed. (Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 2011), p. 50.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51874078, U1710257, and U1202274), State Key Laboratory of Pressure Hydrometallurgical Technology of Associated Nonferrous Metal Resources (YY2016006), Shenyang Science and Technology Project (17-500-8-01, Z18-5-022), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. N162506003).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Y., Zhang, Ta., Lv, G. et al. Assessment of Bauxite Residue for Reclamation Purposes After Calcification–Carbonization Treatment. JOM 71, 2944–2951 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03528-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03528-2