Abstract
In this work, experimental investigations have been pursued to analyse the influence of downward seepage on the turbulent characteristics of flow and corresponding changes in vortex structure around circular bridge pier in alluvial channel. Experiments were conducted in sand bed channel with circular piers of different sizes for no seepage, 10% seepage and 20% seepage cases. The measurement of turbulent flow statistics such as velocity and Reynolds stresses is found to be negative within the scour hole at upstream of the pier whereas application of downward seepage retards the reversal of the flow causing a decrement in the velocity and Reynolds stresses. Higher Reynolds shear stress prevails at the downstream side because of the production of wake vortices. Contribution of all bursting events to the total Reynolds shear stress production has been observed to increase with downward seepage. The analysis of integral scale suggest that size of eddies increases with seepage, which is responsible for increase in particle mobility. Initially rate of scouring is more which abatements gradually with expanding time as well as with the increased of downward seepage. Presence of downward seepage reduces the depth and length of vortex and shifts towards downstream side of the pier.
References
Aghaee-Shalmani Y, Hakimzadeh H, 2015. Experimental investigation of scour around semi-conical piers under steady current action. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 19(6), 717–732. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2014.968742
Ahmed, F., & Rajaratnam, N. 1998. Flow around bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 124(3), 288–300.
Ansari SA, Kothyari UC, Ranga Raju KG, 2002. Influence of cohesion on scour around bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 40(6), 717–729. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221680209499918
Avent RR, Alawady M, 2005. Bridge scour and substructure deterioration: Case study. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 10(3), 247–254. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:3(247)
Baker CJ, 1981. New design equations for scour around bridge piers. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 107(4), 507–511.
Breusers, H, Nicollet G, Shen H, 1977. Local scour around cylindrical piers. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 15(3), 211–252.
Cao D, Chiew YM, 2013. Suction effects on sediment transport in closed-conduit flows. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 140(5), 04014008. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000833
Chang WY, Lai JS, Yen CL, 2004. Evolution of scour depth at circular bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 130(9), 905–913. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:9(905)
Chen X, Chiew YM, 2004. Velocity distribution of turbulent open-channel flow with bed suction. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 130(2), 140–148. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:2(140)
Chiew YM, Lim FH, 2000. Failure behavior of riprap layer at bridge piers under live-bed conditions. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 126(1), 43–55. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2000)126:1(43)
Chiew Y, Melville B, 1987. Local scour around bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 25(1), 15–26.
Chiew YM, 2004. Local scour and riprap stability at bridge piers in a degrading channel. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 130(3), 218–226. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:3(218)
Corvaro S, Miozzi M, Postacchini M, Mancinelli A, Brocchini M, 2014a. Fluid–particle interaction and generation of coherent structures over permeable beds: an experimental analysis. Advances in Water Resources, 72, 97–109. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.05.015
Corvaro S, Seta E, Mancinelli A, Brocchini M, 2014b. Flow dynamics on a porous medium. Coastal Engineering, 91, 280–298. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2014.06.001
Deshpande V, Kumar B, 2016. Turbulent flow structures in alluvial channels with curved cross -sections under conditions of downward seepage. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.
Devi TB, Kumar B, 2015. Turbulent flow statistics of vegetative channel with seepage. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 123, 267–276. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2015.11.002
Dey S, Sarkar A, 2007. Effect of upward seepage on scour and flow downstream of an apron due to submerged jets. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 133(1), 59–69. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:1(59)
Dey S, Das R, Gaudio R, Bose SK, 2012. Turbulence in mobile-bed streams. Acta Geophysica, 60(6), 1547–1588. DOI: 10.2478/s11600-012-0055-3
Ettema R. 1980. Scour at Bridge Piers. Report No. 216, University of Auckland, School of Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, 527.
Francalanci S, Parker G, Solari L, 2008. Effect of seepage-induced nonhydrostatic pressure distribution on bed-load transport and bed morphodynamics. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 134(4), 378–389. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:4(378)
Garde R, Kothyari U, 1998. Scour around bridge piers. Proceedings-Indian National Science Academy PART A, 64, 569–580.
Goring DG, Nikora VI, 2002. Despiking acoustic Doppler velocimeter data. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 128(1), 117–126. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:1(117)
Graf W, Istiarto I, 2002. Flow pattern in the scour hole around a cylinder. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 40(1), 13–20. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221680209499869
Grimaldi C, Gaudio R, Calomino F, Cardoso AH, 2009. Countermeasures against local scouring at bridge piers: slot and combined system of slot and bed sill. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 135(5), 425–431. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000035
Gyr A, Schmid A. 1989. The different ripple formation mechanism. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 27(1), 61–74.
Izadinia E, Heidarpour M, Schleiss AJ, 2013. Investigation of turbulence flow and sediment entrainment around a bridge pier. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 27(6), 1303–1314. DOI: 10.1007/s00477-012-0666-x
Jain SC, 1981. Maximum clear-water scour around circular piers. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 107(5), 611–626.
Kinzli KD, Martinez M, Oad R, Prior A, Gensler D, 2010. Using an ADCP to determine canal seepage loss in an irrigation district. Agric. Water Manag., 97(6), 801–810. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.12.014
Kothyari U, Ranga Raju K, Garde R, 1992. Live-bed scour around cylindrical bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 30(5), 701–715.
Kothyari UC, 2008. Bridge scour: status and research challenges. ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 14(1), 1–27. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2008.10514889
Krishnamurthy K, Rao S, 1969. Theory and experiment in canal seepage estimation using radioisotopes. Journal of Hydrology, 9(3), 277–293.
Kumar V, Raju KGR, Vittal N, 1999. Reduction of local scour around bridge piers using slots and collars. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 125(12), 1302–1305. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:12(1302)
Lagasse PF, 2007. Countermeasures to protect bridge piers from scour (Vol. 593): Transportation Research Board, 1–111.
Laursen EM, Toch A. 1956. Scour around bridge piers and abutments (Vol. 4). Iowa Highway Research Board Ames, Iowa.
Lu SS, Willmarth WW, 1973. Measurements of the structure of the Reynolds stress in a turbulent boundary layer. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 60(03), 481–511.
Maity H, Mazumder B. 2012. Contributions of burst-sweep cycles to Reynolds shear stress over fluvial obstacle marks generated in a laboratory flume. International Journal of Sediment Research, 27(3), 378–387. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(12)60042-0
Marsh NA, Western AW, Grayson RB, 2004. Comparison of methods for predicting incipient motion for sand beds. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 130(7), 616–621. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:7(616)
Martin CA, Gates TK, 2014. Uncertainty of canal seepage losses estimated using flowing water balance with acoustic Doppler devices. J. Hydrol. 517, 746–761. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.074
Masjedi A, Bejestan MS, Esfandi, A. 2010. Experimental study on local scour around single oblong pier fitted with a collar in a 180 degree flume bend. International Journal of Sediment Research, 25(3), 304–312. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(10)60047-9
Melville B, Sutherland A, 1988. Design method for local scour at bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 114(10), 1210–1226. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114:10(1210)
Melville BW, Coleman SE, 2000. Bridge scour: Water Resources Publication, 550
Oliveto G, Hager WH, 2014. Morphological evolution of dune-like bed forms generated by bridge scour. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 140(5), 06014009. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000853
Patel M, Deshpande V, Kumar B, 2015. Turbulent characteristics and evolution of sheet flow in an alluvial channel with downward seepage. Geomorphology, 248, 161–171. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.042
Qadar A, 1981. The vortex scour mechanism at bridge piers. ICE Proceedings, 739–757.
Qi M, Chiew YM, Hong JH, 2012. Suction effects on bridge pier scour under clear-water conditions. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 139(6), 621–629. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000711
Raikar RV, Dey S, 2008. Kinematics of horseshoe vortex development in an evolving scour hole at a square cylinder. Journal of hydraulic research, 46(2), 247–264.
Rao AR, Sitaram N, 1999. Stability and mobility of sand-bed channels affected by seepage. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 125(6), 370–379.
Raudkivi AJ, Ettema R, 1983. Clear-water scour at cylindrical piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 109(3), 338–350.
Sarkar K, Chakraborty C, Mazumder B, 2015. Space-time dynamics of bed forms due to turbulence around submerged bridge piers. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 29(3), 995–1017. DOI: 10.1007/s00477-014-0961-9
Shen HW, Schneider VR, Karaki S, 1969. Local scour around bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 95(6), 1919–1940.
Shukla MK, Misra GC, 1994. Canal discharge and seepage relationship. Proc., 6th Nat Symposium on Hydro. NIH, Shilong, India, 263–274.
Tanji KK, Kielen NC, 2002. Agricultural drainage water management in arid and semiarid areas. Irrig. Drain. Paper 61. FAO, Rome.
Taylor GI, 1935. Statistical theory of turbulence. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 151(873), 421–444.
Tennekes H, Lumley JL, 1972. A first course in turbulence. MIT press.
Venditti JG, Church MA, Bennett SJ, 2005. Bed form initiation from a flat sand bed. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 110(F1), F01009. DOI: 10.1029/2004JF000149
Wilcox DC, 2006. Turbulence modeling for CFD. 3rd edition, DCW Industries, La Canada, CA, USA, 124–126.
Yalin MS, 1972. Mechanics of sediment transport. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 290.
Zarrati AR, Gholami H, Mashahir MB, 2004. Application of collar to control scouring around rectangular bridge piers. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 42(1), 97–103. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2004.9641188
Zarrati, A. R., Nazariha, M., & Mashahir, M. B. 2006. Reduction of local scour in the vicinity of bridge pier groups using collars and riprap. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 132(2), 154–162.
Zhao Y, Zong Z, Zou L, Wang TL, 2015. Turbulence model investigations on the boundary layer flow with adverse pressure gradients. Journal of Marine Science and Application, 14(2), 170–174. DOI: 10.1007/s11804-015-1303-0
Zhuang Y, Liu ZY, 2007. Experimental study on the width of the turbulent area around bridge pier. Journal of Marine Science and Application, 6(1), 53–57. DOI: 10.1007/s11804-007-6048-y
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chavan, R., Sharma, A. & Kumar, B. Effect of downward seepage on turbulent flow characteristics and bed morphology around bridge piers. J. Marine. Sci. Appl. 16, 60–72 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11804-017-1394-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11804-017-1394-x