Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Surgical management of congenital tracheal stenosis

  • Current Topics Review Article
  • Published:
General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) is a rare but life-threatening disorder, particularly in neonates and infants. The stenotic lesions are commonly composed of complete rings of cartilage varying in length, location, and severity. A definitive diagnosis of CTS may be delayed because of the rarity of this disorder and thus its unfamiliarity among physicians, its variable onset time, its various clinical symptoms, and the diversity of associated clinical conditions due to the cardiovascular disorders that may accompany it. More than half of the patients who manifest clinical symptoms during early infancy show a long-segment stenosis. Long-segment CTS is problematic and challenging to manage. Over the last two decades several surgical techniques for long-segment CTS have been devised and developed, but no definitively advantageous surgical procedure has been established because of insufficient experience and the lack of large-scale studies. Although rib cartilage tracheoplasty and pericardial patch tracheoplasty have provided limited early to midterm success for infants with long-segment CTS, these procedures are associated with early and late complications, including granulation tissue formation, patch collapse, and restenosis necessitating reintervention. By contrast, slide tracheoplasty has given rise to better surgical outcomes. This procedure enables reconstruction of the stenotic trachea using native tracheal walls with preserved blood supply. The trachea is foreshortened by only one-half of the original stenosis, resulting in reduced tension on the anastomosis. Consequently, the technique has several advantages, including less formation of granulation tissue, satisfactory subsequent growth, and infrequent reoperation for restenosis. Slide tracheoplasty is currently recognized as the preferred technique for long-segment CTS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gregor K. Ein Fall von angeborener Missbildung der Luftröhre (circumscripte Derengrung mit Fehlen der Pars membranacea). Jabrb Kinderheilkd 1899;49:123.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Loeff DS, Filler RM, Vinograd I, Ein SH, Williams WG, Smith CR, et al. Congenital tracheal stenosis: a review of 22 patients from 1965 to 1987. J Pediatr Surg 1988;23:744–748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kocyildirim E, Kanani M, Roebuck D, Wallis C, McLaren C, Noctor C, et al. Long-segment tracheal stenosis: slide tracheoplasty and a multidisciplinary approach improve outcomes and reduce costs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;128:876–882.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. DeLorimier AA, Harrison MR, Hardy K, Howell LJ, Adzick NS. Tracheobronchial obstructions in infants and children: experience with 45 cases. Ann Surg 1990;212:277–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Maeda M, Grillo HC. Effect of tension on tracheal growth after resection and anastomosis in puppies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1973;65:658–668.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kimura K, Mukohara N, Tsugawa C, Matsumoto Y, Sugimura C, Murata H, et al. Tracheoplasty for congenital stenosis of the entire trachea. J Pediatr Surg 1982;17:869–871.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Tsugawa C, Kimura K, Muraji T, Nishijima E, Matsumoto Y, Murata H. Congenital stenosis involving a long segment of the trachea: further experience in reconstructive surgery. J Pediatr Surg 1988;23:471–475.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Idriss FS, DeLeon SY, Ilbawi MN, Gerson CR, Tucker GF, Holinger L. Tracheoplasty with pericardial patch for extensive tracheal stenosis in infants and children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984;88:527–536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Dunham ME, Holinger LD, Backer CL, Mavroudis C. Management of severe congenital tracheal stenosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1994;103:35–36.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Tsang V, Murday A, Gillbe C, Goldstraw P. Slide tracheoplasty for congenital funnel-shaped tracheal stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg 1989;48:632–635.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Grillo HC. Slide tracheoplasty for long-segment congenital tracheal stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58:613–621.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jaquiss RDB, Lusk RP, Spray TL, Huddleston CB. Repair of long-segment tracheal stenosis in infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;110:1504–1512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bando K, Turrentine MK, Sun K, Sharp TG, Matt B, Karmazyn B, et al. Anterior pericardial tracheoplasty for congenital tracheal stenosis: intermediate to long-term outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;62:981–989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Grillo HC, Wright CD, Vlahakes GJ, MacGillivray TE. Management of congenital tracheal stenosis by means of slide tracheoplasty or resection and reconstruction, with long-term follow-up of growth after slide tracheoplasty. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:145–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Toma M, Kamagata S, Hirobe S, Yoshida F, Okumura K, Muto M, et al. Slide tracheoplasty for congenital tracheal stenosis: perioperative management and problems. J Jpn Soc Pediatr Surg 2007;43:136–141.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Matúte JA, Romero R, Garcia-Casillas MA, de Agustĺn JC, Marhuenda C, Berchi FJ, et al. Surgical approach to funnel-shaped congenital tracheal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 2001;36:320–323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lang FJW, Hurni M, Monnier P. Long-segment congenital tracheal stenosis: treatment by slide-tracheoplasty. J Pediatr Surg 1999;34:1216–1222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tsugawa C, Nishijima E, Muraji T, Satoh S, Takamizawa S, Yamaguchi M, et al. Tracheoplasty for long segment congenital tracheal stenosis: analysis of 29 patients over two decades. J Pediatr Surg 2003;38:1703–1706.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rutter MJ, Cotton RT, Azizkhan RG, Manning PB. Slide tracheoplasty for the management of complete tracheal rings. J Pediatr Surg 2003;38:928–934.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cantrell JR, Guild HG. Congenital stenosis of the trachea. Am J Surg 1964;108:297–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. McLaughlin FJ, Strieder DJ, Harris GB, Vawter GP, Eraklis AJ. Tracheal bronchus: association with respiratory morbidity in childhood. J Pediatr 1985;106:751–755.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gonzalez-Crussi F, Padilla LM, Miller JK, Grosfeld JL. “Bridging bronchus”: a previously undescribed airway anomaly. Am J Dis Child 1976;130:1015–1018.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Grillo HC. Tracheoplasty for congenital tracheal stenosis: repair of congenital tracheal stenosis. In: Grillo HC, editor. Surgery of the trachea and bronchi. Hamilton: BC Decker; 2004. p. 665–674.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Rishavy TJ, Goretsky MJ, Langenburg SE, Klein MD. Anterior bridging bronchus. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003;35:70–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Topcu S, Liman ST, Sarisoy HT, Babaoglu A, Ozker E. Stenotic bridging bronchus: a very rare entity. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:1200–1201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Grillo HC. Congenital and acquired tracheal lesions in children. In: Grillo HC, editor. Surgery of the trachea and bronchi. Hamilton: BC Decker; 2004. p. 173–205.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Loukanov T, Sebening C, Springer W, Ulmer H, Hagl S. Simultaneous management of congenital tracheal stenosis and cardiac anomalies in infants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130:1537–1541.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Yamaguchi M, Oshima Y, Hosokawa Y, Ohashi H, Tsugawa C, Nishijima E, et al. Concomitant repair of congenital tracheal stenosis and complex cardiac anomaly in small children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990;100:181–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Chiu PPL, Kim PCW. Prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of congenital tracheal stenosis: a multicenter analysis of the literature. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:221–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Glaevecke H, Doehle W. Ueber eine seltene angeborene anomalie der pulmonalarterie. Munch Med Wochenschr 1897;44:950–953.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Contro S, Miller RA, White H, Potts WJ. Bronchial obstruction due to pulmonary artery anomalies. I. Vascular sling. Circulation 1958;17:418–423.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Berdon WE, Baker DH, Wung JT, Chrispin A, Kozlowski K, de Silva M, et al. Complete cartilage-ring tracheal stenosis associated with anomalous left pulmonary artery: the ring-sling complex. Radiology 1984;152:57–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sade RM, Rosenthal A, Fellows K, Castaneda AR. Pulmonary artery sling. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975;69:333–346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Loukanov T, Sebening C, Springer W, Hagl S. A case of pulmonary artery sling associated with long-segment funnel trachea and bronchus suis. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;78:1839–1842.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wells TR, Gwinn JL, Landing BH, Stanley P. Reconsideration of the anatomy of sling left pulmonary artery: the association of one form with bridging bronchus and imperforate anus: anatomic and diagnostic aspects. J Pediatr Surg 1988;23:892–898.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Landing BH, Wells TR, Dixon LG. Pathogenetic considerations of respiratory malformations in humens. In: Persaud TVN, Persaud MP, editors. Advances in the study of birth defects. Vol 6. New York: Liss; 1982. p. 7–54.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Chen SJ, Lee WJ, Lin MT, Wang JK, Chang CI, Chiu IS, et al. Left pulmonary artery sling complex: computed tomography and hypothesis of embryogenesis. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84:1645–1650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Potts WJ, Holinger PH, Rosenblum AH. Anomalous left pulmonary artery causing obstruction to right main bronchus: report of a case. JAMA 1954;155:1409–1411.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Muraji T, Satoh S, Tsugawa C, Moriuchi T, Yamaguchi M, Matamoros MA, et al. Slide tracheoplasty: a case report of successful concomitant reconstruction of extensive congenital tracheal stenosis and pulmonary artery sling. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33:1658–1659.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Oshima Y, Yamaguchi M, Ohashi H, Yoshimura N, Tanaka T, Oka S, et al. Pulmonary artery sling with tracheal stenosis: primary repair in infancy. J Jpn Assn Thorac Surg 1998;46:347–353.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Backer CL, Mavroudis C, Dunham ME, Holinger LD. Pulmonary artery sling: results with median sternotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass, and reimplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:1738–1744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Van Son JAM, Hambsch J, Haas GS, Schneider P, Mohr FW. Pulmonary artery sling: reimplantation versus antetracheal translocation. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:989–994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Fiore AC, Brown JW, Weber TR, Turrentine MW. Surgical treatment of pulmonary artery sling and tracheal stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:38–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Oshima Y, Yamaguchi M, Yoshimura N, Sato S, Muraji T, Nishijima E, et al. Management of pulmonary artery sling associated with tracheal stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;86:1334–1338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Brown JW, Bando K, Sun K, Turrentine MW. Surgical management of congenital tracheal stenosis. Chest Surg Clin N Am 1996;6:837–852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Chiu PPL, Kim PCW, Forte V, Holtby H, Caldarone CA, Coles J, et al. Recent challenges in the management of congenital tracheal stenosis: an individualized approach. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40:774–780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Elliot M, Roebuck D, Noctor C, McLaren C, Hartley B, Mok Q, et al. The management of congenital tracheal stenosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2003;67(suppl 1):S183–S192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Antón-Pacheco JL, Cano I, García A, Martínez A, Cuadros J, Berchi FJ. Patterns of management of congenital tracheal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 2003;38:1452–1458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Minato N, Itoh K, Ohkawa Y, Nagata N, Matsunaga H, Okabe H, et al. Treatment of congenital tracheal stenosis: retrospective study of thirteen cases. J Jpn Surg Soc 1988;90:434–439.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Cheng W, Manson DE, Forte V, Ein SH, MacLusky I, Papsin BC, et al. The role of conservative management in congenital tracheal stenosis: an evidence-based long-term follow-up study. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:1203–1207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Contributors and reviewers for the neonatal resuscitation guidelines. International guidelines for neonatal resuscitation: an excerpt from the guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care; International consensus on science. Pediatrics 2000;106:e29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Effmann EL, Fram EK, Vock P, Kirks DR. Tracheal crosssectional area in children: CT determination. Radiology 1983;149:137–140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Benjamin B, Pitkin J, Cohen D. Congenital tracheal stenosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981;90:364–371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Rutter MJ, Willging JP, Cotton RT. Nonoperative management of complete tracheal rings. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:450–452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Carcassonne M, Dor V, Aubert J, Kreitman P. Tracheal resection with primary anastomosis in children. J Pediatr Surg 1973;8:1–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Mansfield PB. Tracheal resection in infancy. J Pediatr Surg 1980;15:79–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Nakayama DK, Harrison MR, deLorimier AA, Brasch RC, Fishman NH. Reconstructive surgery for obstructing lesions of the intrathoracic trachea in infants and small children. J Pediatr Surg 1982;17:854–868.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Grillo HC, Zannini P. Management of obstructive tracheal disease in children. J Pediatr Surg 1984;19:414–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fonkalsrud EW, Sumida S. Tracheal replacement with autologous esophagus for tracheal stricture. Arch Surg 1971;102:139–142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Backer CL, Mavroudis C, Dunham ME, Holinger LD. Repair of congenital tracheal stenosis with a free tracheal autograft. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:869–874.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Dodge-Khatami A, Backer CL, Holinger LD, Mavroudis C, Cook KE, Crawford SE. Healing of a free tracheal autograft is enhanced by topical vascular endothelial growth factor in an experimental rabbit model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:554–561.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Backer CL, Mavroudis C, Gerber ME, Holinger LD. Tracheal surgery in children: a 18-year review of four techniques. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;19:777–784.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Cohen RC, Filler RM, Konuma K, Bahoric A, Kent G, Smith C. A new model of tracheal stenosis and its repair with free periosteal grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;92:296–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ein SH, Friedberg J, Williams WG, Rearon B, Barker GA, Mancer K. Tracheoplasty: a new operation for complete congenital tracheal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 1982;17:872–878.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Messineo A, Filler RM, Bahoric A, Smith CR. Repair of long tracheal defects with cryopreserved cartilaginous allografts. J Pediatr Surg 1992;27:1131–1135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Jacobs JP, Elliott MJ, Haw MP, Bailey CM, Herberhold C. Pediatric tracheal homograft reconstruction: a novel approach to complex tracheal stenoses in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:1549–1560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Jacobs JP, Quintessenza JA, Andrews T, Burke RP, Spektor Z, Delius RE, et al. Tracheal allograft reconstruction: the total North American and worldwide pediatric experiences. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:1043–1051.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Salzer GM, Hartl H, Wurnig P. Treatment of tracheal stenoses by resection in infancy and early childhood. Prog Pediatr Surg 1987;21:72–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Grillo HC. Tracheal reconstruction: indications and techniques. Arch Otolaryngol 1972;96:31–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Wright CD, Graham BB, Grillo HC, Wain JC, Mathisen DJ. Pediatric tracheal surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;74:308–314.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Saad SA, Falla A. Management of intractable and extensive tracheal stenosis by implantation of cartilage graft. J Pediatr Surg 1983;18:472–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Cambell DN, Lilly JR. Surgery for total congenital tracheal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:934–935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Lobe TE, Hayden K, Nicolas D, Richardson CJ. Successful management of congenital tracheal stenosis in infancy. J Pediatr Surg 1987;22:11137–11142.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Kamata S, Usui N, Ishikawa S, Kitayama Y, Sawai T, Okuyama H, et al. Experience in tracheobronchial reconstruction with a costal cartilage graft for congenital tracheal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:54–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Forsen JW, Lusk RP, Huddleston CB. Costal cartilage tracheoplasty for congenital long-segment tracheal stenosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;128:1165–1171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kimura K. Discussion of Messineo A, Filler RM, Bahoric A, Smith CR. Repair of long tracheal defects with cryopreserved cartilaginous allograft. J Pediatr Surg 1992;27:1131–1135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Heimansohn DA, Kesler KA, Turrentine MW, Mahomed Y, Means L, Matt B, et al. Anterior pericardial tracheoplasty for congenital tracheal stenosis 1991;102:710–716.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cosentino CM, Backer CL, Idriss FS, Holinger LD, Gerson CR, Mavroudis C. Pericardial patch tracheoplasty for severe tracheal stenosis in children: intermediate results. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26:879–885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kim HK, Kim YT, Sung SW, Park JD, Kang CH, Kim JH, et al. Management of congenital tracheal stenosis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004;25:1065–1071.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Cotter CS, Jones DT, Nuss RC, Jonas R. Management of distal tracheal stenosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;125:325–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hasaniya N, el Zein CF, Mara S, Barth MJ, Ilbawi M. Alternative approach to the surgical management of congenital tracheal stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:2305–2307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kutlu CA, Goldstraw P. Slide tracheoplasty for congenital funnel shaped tracheal stenosis (a 9-year follow-up of the first case). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999;16:98–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Lipshutz GS, Jennings RW, Lopoo JB, Farmer D, Harrison MR, Albanese CT. Slide tracheoplasty for congenital tracheal stenosis: a case report. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:259–261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Manson D, Filler R, Gordon R. Tracheal growth in congenital tracheal stenosis. Pediatr Radiol 1996;26:427–430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Grillo HC, Donahue DM, Mathisen DJ, Wain JC, Wright CD. Postintubation tracheal stenosis: treatment and results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;109:486–493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Macchiarini P, Dulmet E, de Montpreville V, Mazmanian GM, Chapelier A, Dartevelle P. Tracheal growth after slide tracheoplasty. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;113:558–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Jacobs JP, Haw MP, Motbey JA, Bailey CM, Herberhold C, Elliott MJ. Successful complete tracheal resection in a three-month-old infant. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;61:1824–1826.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Acosta AC, Albanese CT, Farmer DL, Sydorak R, Danzer E, Harrison MR. Tracheal stenosis: the long and short of it. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:1612–1616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Salassa JR, Pearson BW, Payne WS. Gross and microscopical blood supply of the trachea. Ann Thorac Surg 1977;24:100–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Garabédian EN, Bret EL, Corré A, Roger G, Pineau E, Bourel P, et al. Tracheal resection associated with slide tracheoplasty for long-segment congenital tracheal stenosis involving the carina. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:393–395.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Bret EL, Garabédian EN, Teissier N, Belli E, Gharbi N, Bruniaux J, et al. Slide tracheobronchoplasty in an infant. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;132:181–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Brazdil J, Tlaskal T, Vojtovic P, Pohunek P, Cihar M. Slide plasty of trachea and right main bronchus in a newborn. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;85:1096–1097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Kiyose Children’s Hospital, 1-3-1 Umezono, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8567, Japan

    Masatsugu Terada & Kentaro Hotoda

  2. Department of Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Kiyose Children’s Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

    Miki Toma, Seiichi Hirobe & Shoichiro Kamagata

Authors
  1. Masatsugu Terada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kentaro Hotoda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Miki Toma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Seiichi Hirobe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shoichiro Kamagata
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masatsugu Terada.

Additional information

__________

This review was submitted at the invitation of the editorial committee.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Terada, M., Hotoda, K., Toma, M. et al. Surgical management of congenital tracheal stenosis. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 57, 175–183 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-008-0399-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-008-0399-4

Key words

Search

Navigation