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Perioperative handling of patients on antiplatelet therapy with need for surgery

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Abstract

The widespread use of metal stents and drug-eluting stents has shown the extent to which patients with unstable coronary perfusion depend on antiplatelet drugs, and how their risk of late thrombosis depends on the long-term use of agents such as clopidogrel. It has also been shown that the risk of surgical bleeding, if antiplatelet drugs are continued, is lower than that of coronary thrombosis if they are withdrawn. Thus, except for low-risk settings, the practice of withdrawing antiplatelet drugs 5–10 days prior to surgical procedures should be changed. The following suggestions are meant to provide a guideline in this respect. Most of the current surgical procedures may be performed while on low-dose aspirin treatment. Except when bleeding may occur in closed spaces (e.g. intracranial surgery, spinal surgery in the medullary canal, surgery of the posterior chamber of the eye) or where excessive blood loss is expected, where only clopidogrel should be discontinued; in all other cases the surgical procedures should be carried out in the presence of dual antiplatelet agents (if prescribed). Aspirin may be discontinued only in subjects at low risk of thrombosis, and at high risk of intraoperative bleeding. Operations associated with an expected excessive blood loss should be postponed unless vital. When prescribed for acute coronary syndrome or during stent re-endothelialization, clopidogrel should not be discontinued before a noncardiac procedure. For elective procedures, surgery should be postponed until the end of the indication for clopidogrel. After the operation, clopidogrel should be resumed within the 12–24 h. Cardiac procedures should be postponed for at least 4 days after clopidogrel withdrawal. The thrombotic risk of preoperative withdrawal of antiplatelet drugs overwhelms the benefit of regional or neuraxial blockade. Antiplatelet treatment replacement by heparin or low-molecular weight heparin does not provide protection against the risk of coronary artery or stent thrombosis. Haemostasis requires that at least 20% of circulating platelets have a normal function. As the effects of antiplatelet agents are not reversible by other drugs, fresh platelets are the only manner to rapidly restore normal haemostasis. Aprotinin decreases postoperative bleeding and transfusion rates in patients undergoing CABG and on clopidogrel during the days preceding surgery.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Rosanna Scala for reviewing the paper and giving valuable suggestions.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy

    Matteo Nicola Dario Di Minno, Anna Lilia Ruocco & Giovanni Di Minno

  2. Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Domenico Prisco

  3. Department of Anesthesiology, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy

    Pasquale Mastronardi

  4. Department of Surgical Sciences, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy

    Salvatore Massa

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  1. Matteo Nicola Dario Di Minno
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  2. Domenico Prisco
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  6. Giovanni Di Minno
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Correspondence to Matteo Nicola Dario Di Minno.

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Di Minno, M.N.D., Prisco, D., Ruocco, A.L. et al. Perioperative handling of patients on antiplatelet therapy with need for surgery. Intern Emerg Med 4, 279–288 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-009-0265-0

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