Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

From migraine to stroke

  • Published:
Internal and Emergency Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An association between migraine and ischemic stroke has been observed for many years but the exact mechanisms by which migraine can lead to stroke are currently still under investigation. Migraine seems to affect neurovascular factors and substances that increase the risk of stroke during and in between migraine attacks. Ischemic stroke can occur as a complication of an attack of migraine with aura. Epidemiological studies suggest that vascular risk factors are increased in migraineurs, thus increasing the incidence of stroke. Another important issue is a patent foramen ovale (PFO), which is a well-known risk factor for stroke and which, on the other hand, seems to be more frequent in migraineurs than in people without. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature linking the two neurological diseases: migraine and stroke.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Oral contraceptives and stroke in young women. Associated risk factors. (1975) JAMA 231:718–22

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hargreaves RJ, Shepheard SL (1999) Pathophysiology of migraine—new insights. Can J Neurol Sci 26(Suppl 3):12–19

    Google Scholar 

  3. Goadsby PJ (2002) Neurovascular headache and a midbrain vascular malformation: evidence for a role of the brainstem in chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 22:107–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Rasmussen BK (2001) Epidemiology of headache. Cephalalgia 21:774–777

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bousser MG, Welch KM (2005) Relation between migraine and stroke. Lancet Neurol 4:533–542

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Arboix A, Massons J, García-Eroles L et al (2003) Migrainous cerebral infarction in the Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona stroke registry. Cephalalgia 23:389–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kittner SJ, Stern BJ, Wozniak M et al (1998) Cerebral infarction in young adults: the Baltimore-Washington cooperative young stroke study. Neurology 50:890–894

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sochurkova D, Moreau T, Lemesle M et al (1999) Migraine history and migraine-induced stroke in the Dijon stroke registry. Neuroepidemiology 18:85–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sacquegna T, Andreoli A, Baldrati A et al (1989) Ischemic stroke in young adults: the relevance of migrainous infarction. Cephalalgia 9:255–258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (2004) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edn. Cephalalgia 24 (Suppl 1):9–160

  11. Iglesias S, Bousser MG (1990) Migraine et infarctus cérébral. Circul Metab Cerveau 7:237–249

    Google Scholar 

  12. Féré C (1981) Contribution à l’étude de la migraine ophtalmique. Rev Med 1:625–649

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cala LA, Mastaglia FL (1976) Computerized axial tomography findings in patients with migrainous headaches. BMJ 2:49–50

    Google Scholar 

  14. Sorges LJ, Cacayorin ED, Petro GR et al (1988) Migraine evaluation by MR. Am J Neuroradiol 9:425–429

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fazekas F, Koch M, Schmidt R et al (1992) The prevalence of cerebral damage varies with migraine type: a MRI study. Headache 32:287–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tietjn GE (2007) Migraine and ischaemic heart disease and stroke: potential mechanisms and treatment implications. Cephalalgia 27:981–987

    Google Scholar 

  17. Leao APP (1944) Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 7:359–390

    Google Scholar 

  18. Welch KMA, Cao Y, Aurora S et al (1998) MRI of the occipital cortex, red nucleus, and substantia nigra during visual aura of migraine. Neurology 51:1465–1469

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cao Y, Welch KM, Aurora S et al (1999) Functional MRIBOLD of visually triggered headache in patients with migraine. Arch Neurol 56:548–554

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Friberg L, Olesen J, Lassen NA et al (1994) Cerebral oxygen extraction, oxygen consumption, and regional cerebral blood flow during the aura phase of migraine. Stroke 25:974–979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Woods RP, Iacoboni M, Mazziotta JC (1994) Brief report: bilateral spreading cerebral hypoperfusion during spontaneous migraine headache. N Engl J Med 331:1689–1692

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cutrer FM, Sorensen AG, Weisskoff RM et al (1998) Perfusion-weighted imaging defects during spontaneous migrainous aura. Ann Neurol 43:25–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bolay H, Reuter U, Dunn AK et al (2992) Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in a migraine model. Nat Med 8:136–142

    Google Scholar 

  24. Marshall N, Maclaurin WA, Koulouris G (2007) MRA captures vasospasm in fatal migrainous infarction. Headache 47:280–283

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kassab MY, Majid A, Bakhtar O et al (2007) Transcranial Doppler measurements in migraine and nitroglycerin headache. J Headache Pain 8:289–293

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Coppola F et al (2004) Platelet-activating factor (PAF) in internal jugular venous blood of migraine without aura patients assessed during migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 24:623–630

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cesar JM, Garcia-Avello A, Vecino AM et al (1995) Increased levels of plasma von Willebrand factor in migraine crisis. Acta Neurol Scand 91:412–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. McCrary JK, Nolasco LH, Hellums JD et al (1995) Direct demonstration of radiolabeled von Willebrand factor binding to platelet glycoprotein Ib and IIb-IIIa in the presence of shear stress. Ann Biomed Eng 23:787–793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Henrich JB, Horwitz RI (1989) A controlled study of ischemic stroke risk in migraine patients. J Clin Epidemiol 42:773–780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Tzourio C, Iglesias S, Hubert JB et al (1993) Migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke: a case control study. Br Med J 307:289–292

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Carolei A, Marini C, De Matteis G (1996) History of migraine and risk of cerebral ischaemia in young adults. The Italian National Research Council Study Group on Stroke in the Young. Lancet 347:1503–1506

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tzourio C, Tehindrazanarivelo A, Iglesias S et al (1995) Case-control study of migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke in young women. Br Med J 310:830–833

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Chang CL, Donaghy M, Poulter N (1999) Migraine and stroke in young women: case-control study. The World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Br Med J 318:13–18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lidegaard O (1995) Oral contraceptives, pregnancy and the risk of cerebral thromboembolism: the influence of diabetes, hypertension, migraine and previous thrombotic disease. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102:153–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Mosek A, Marom R, Korczyn AD et al (2001) A history of migraine is not a risk factor to develop an ischemic stroke in the elderly. Headache 41:399–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Donaghy M, Chang CL, Poulter N (2002) Duration, frequency, recency, and type of migraine and the risk of ischaemic stroke in women of childbearing age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73:747–750

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Schwaag S, Nabavi DG, Frese A et al (2003) The association between migraine and juvenile stroke: a case-control study. Headache 43:90–95

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Buring JE, Hebert P, Romero J et al (1995) Migraine and subsequent risk of stroke in the Physicians’ Health Study. Arch Neurol 52:129–134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kurth T, Slomke MA, Kase CS et al (2005) Migraine, headache, and the risk of stroke in women: a prospective study. Neurology 64:1020–1026

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Stang PE, Carson AP, Rose KM et al (2005) Headache, cerebrovascular symptoms, and stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Neurology 64:1573–1577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Merikangas KR, Fenton BT, Cheng SH et al (1997) Association between migraine and stroke in a large-scale epidemiological study of the United States. Arch Neurol 54:362–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Etminan M, Takkouche B, Isorna FC et al (2005) Risk of ischaemic stroke in people with migraine: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Br Med J 330:63–65

    Google Scholar 

  43. MacClellan LR, Mitchell BD, Cole JW et al (2006) Familial aggregation of ischemic stroke in young women: the stroke prevention in young women study. Genet Epidemiol 30:602–608

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Vischer UM (2006) von Willebrand factor, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease. J Thromb Haemost 4:1186–1193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Tietjen GE, Al Qasmi MM, Athanas K et al (2001) Increased von Willebrand factor in migraine. Neurology 57:334–336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ciancarelli I, Tozzi-Ciancarelli MG, Di Massimo C (2003) Urinary nitric oxide metabolites and lipid peroxidation by-products in migraine. Cephalalgia 23:39–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A (2003) Endothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:168–175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Vanmolkot FH, Van Bortel LM, de Hoon JN (2007) Altered arterial function in migraine of recent onset. Neurology 68:1563–1570

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tietjen GE (2007) Migraine as a systemic disorder. Neurology 68:1555–1556

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Rose KM, Wong TY, Carson AP et al (2007) Migraine and retinal microvascular abnormalities: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Neurology 68:1694–1700

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Scher AI, Terwindt GM, Picavet HS et al (2005) Cardiovascular risk factors and migraine: the GEM population-based study. Neurology 64:614–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Yoon G, Baggaley S, Bacchetti P et al (2005) Clinic-based study of family history of vascular risk factors and migraine. J Headache Pain 6:412–416

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bigal ME, Liberman JN, Lipton RB (2006) Obesity and migraine: a population study. Neurology 66:545–550

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Mattsson P (2007) Migraine headache and obesity in women aged 40–74 years: a population-based study. Cephalalgia 27:877–880

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sacco S, Olivieri L, Bastianello S et al (2006) Comorbid neuropathologies in migraine. J Headache Pain 7:222–230

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Cook NR et al (2006) Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA 296:283–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kruit MC, van Buchem MA, Hofman PA et al (2004) Migraine as a risk factor for subclinical brain lesions. JAMA 291:427–434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Velentgas P, Cole JA, Mo J et al (2004) Severe vascular events in migraine patients. Headache 44:642–651

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hall GC, Brown MM, Mo J et al (2004) Triptans in migraine: the risks of stroke, cardiovascular disease, and death in practice. Neurology 24(62):563–568

    Google Scholar 

  60. Artto V, Wessman M, Nissilä M (2006) Comorbidity in Finnish migraine families. J Headache Pain 7:324–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Vahedi K, Chabriat H, Levy C et al (2004) Migraine with aura and brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in patients with CADASIL. Arch Neurol 61:1237–1240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Pavlakis SG, Phillips PC, DiMauro S et al (1984) Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes: a distinctive clinical syndrome. Ann Neurol 16:481–488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Klopstock T, May A, Seibel P (1996) Mitochondrial DNA in migraine with aura. Neurology 46:1735–1738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Piane M, Lulli P, Farinelli I (2007) Genetics of migraine and pharmacogenomics: some considerations. J Headache Pain 8:334–339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Russell MB (2007) Genetics in primary headaches. J Headache Pain 8:190–195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Zhang JH, Kohara K, Yamamoto Y et al (2004) Genetic predisposition to neurological symptoms in lacunar infarction. Cerebrovasc Dis 17:273–279

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Purandare N, Oude Voshaar RC, Davidson Y et al (2006) Deletion/insertion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and white matter hyperintensities in dementia: a pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc 54:1395–1400

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kowa H, Fusayasu E, Ijiri T et al (2005) Association of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene in patients of migraine with aura. Neurosci Lett 374:129–131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Paterna S, Di Pasquale P, D’Angelo A et al (2000) Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene deletion polymorphism determines an increase in frequency of migraine attacks in patients suffering from migraine without aura. Eur Neurol 43:133–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Cronin S, Furie KL, Kelly PJ (2005) Dose-related association of MTHFR 677T allele with risk of ischemic stroke: evidence from a cumulative meta-analysis. Stroke 36:1581–1587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Scher AI, Terwindt GM, Verschuren WM et al (2006) Migraine and MTHFR C677T genotype in a population-based sample. Ann Neurol 59:372–375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Osborn RE, Alder DC, Mitchell CS (1991) MR imaging of the brain in patients with migraine headaches. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 12:521–524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Igarashi H, Sakai F, Kan S et al (1991) Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in patients with migraine. Cephalalgia 11:69–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Pavese N, Canapicchi R, Nuti A et al (1994) White matter MRI hyperintensities in a hundred and twenty-nine consecutive migraine patients. Cephalalgia 14:342–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. De Benedittis G, Lorenzetti A, Sina C et al (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging in migraine and tension-type headache. Headache 35:264–268

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Swartz RH, Kern RZ (2004) Migraine is associated with magnetic resonance imaging white matter abnormalities: a meta-analysis. Arch Neurol 61:1366–1368

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Anzola GP, Magoni M, Guindani M (1999) Potential source of cerebral embolism in migraine with aura: a transcranial Doppler study. Neurology 52:1622–1625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR (2000) Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology 55:1172–1179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Diener HC, Kurth T, Dodick D (2007) Patent foratmen ovale, stroke, and cardiovascular disease in migraine. Curr Opin Neurol 20:310–319

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Schwedt TJ, Demaerschalk BM, Dodick DW (2008) Patent foramen ovale and migraine: a quantitative systematic review. Cephalalgia 28:531–540

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Ferrarini G, Malferrari G, Zucco R et al (2005) High prevalence of patent foramen ovale in migraine with aura. J Headache Pain 6:71–76

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Jesurum JT, Fuller CJ, Velez CA (2007) Migraineurs with patent foramen ovale have larger right-to-left shunt despite similar atrial septal characteristics. J Headache Pain 8:209–216

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Tembl J, Lago A, Sevilla T et al (2007) Migraine, patent foramen ovale and migraine triggers. J Headache Pain 8:7–12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Dalla Volta G, Guindani M et al (2005) Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in a large series of patients with migraine with aura, migraine without aura and cluster headache, and relationship with clinical phenotype. J Headache Pain 6:328–330

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Morandi E, Anzola GP, Angeli S et al (2003) Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale: a new migraine treatment? J Interv Cardiol 16:39–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Anzola GP, Frisoni GB, Morandi E et al (2006) Shunt associated migraine responds favorably to atrial septal repair: a case control study. Stroke 37:430–434

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Wilmshurst PT, Nightingale S, Walsh KP et al (2000) Effect on migraine of closure of cardiac right-to-left shunts to prevent recurrence of decompression illness or stroke or for haemodynamic reasons. Lancet 356:1648–1651

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Dowson AJ, Wilmshurst P, Muir KW et al (2006) A prospective, multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of patent foramen ovale closure with the STARFlex septal repair implant to prevent refractory migraine headaches: the MIST trial. Neurology 67:185

    Google Scholar 

  89. Stewart WF, Shechter A, Rasmussen BK (1994) Migraine prevalence: a review of population-based studies. Neurology 44(6 Suppl 4):17–23

    Google Scholar 

  90. Antonaci F, Chimento P, Diener HC et al (2007) Lessons from placebo effects in migraine treatment. J Headache Pain 8:63–66

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Buring JE, Peto R, Hennekens CH (1990) Low-dose aspirin for migraine prophylaxis. JAMA 264:1711–1713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Diener HC, Council of the European Headache Federation (2007) Patent foramen ovale and migraine: no reason to intervene. J Headache Pain 8:3–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Venketasubramanian N, Sacco RL, Di Tullio M (1993) Vascular distribution of paradoxical emboli by transcranial Doppler. Neurology 43:1533–1535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Pierangeli G, Cevoli S, Zanigni S et al (2004) The role of cardiac diseases in the comorbidity between migraine and stroke. Neurol Sci 25(Suppl 3):129–131

    Google Scholar 

  95. Willis T (1965) Cerebre anatome: Cui accesit nervorum descripto et usus (1664) Reproduced in facsimile. In: Feindel W (ed) Thomas Willis: the anatomy of the brain and nerves. McGill University Press, Montreal

    Google Scholar 

  96. Symonds C (1955) The circle of Willis. Br Meal J 1:119–121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Fisher CM (1968) Headache in cerebrovascular disease. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology. Headache and cranial neuralgias, Vol 5, Chapter 11. North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 124–56

    Google Scholar 

  98. Koudstaal PJ, van Gijn J, Kappelle J, Dutch TIA Study Group (1991) Headache in transient or permanent cerebral ischemia. Stroke 22:754–759

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Medina JL, Diamond S, Rubino FA (1975) Headaches in patients with transient ischemic attacks. Headache 15:194–197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Grindal AB, Toole JF (1974) Headache and transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 5:603–606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Edmeads J (1979) The headaches of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Headache 19:345–349

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Portenoy RK, Abissi CJ, Lipton RB et al (1984) Headache in cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 15:1009–1012

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Vestergaard K, Andersen G, Nielsen MI et al (1993) Headache in stroke. Stroke 24:1621–1624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Jorgensen HS, Jespersen HF, Nakayama H (1994) Headache in stroke: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Neurology 44:1793–1797

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Arboix A, Massons J, Oliveres M (1994) Headache in acute cerebrovascular disease: a prospective clinical study in 240 patients. Cephalalgia 14:37–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Kumral E, Bogousslavsky J, van Melle G et al (1995) Headache at stroke onset: the Lausanne Stroke Registry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58:490–492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Ferro JM, Melo TP, Oliveira V et al (1995) A multivariate study of headache associated with ischemic stroke. Headache 35:315–319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Verdelho A, Ferro JM, Melo T et al (2008) Headache in acute stroke. A prospective study in the first 8 days. Cephalalgia 28:346–354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Mitsias PD, Ramadan NM, Levine SR (2006) Factors determining headache at onset of acute ischemic stroke. Cephalalgia 26:150–157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Brandt T, Steinke W, Thie A et al (2000) Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts: clinical features, infarct topography, causes and outcome. Multicenter results and a review of the literature. Cerebrovasc Dis 10:170–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Mayberg M, Langer RS, Zervas NT (1981) Perivascular meningeal projections from cat trigeminal ganglia: possible pathway for vascular headaches in man. Science 213:228–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Moskowitz MA, Buzzi MG, Sakas DE et al (1989) Pain mechanisms underlying vascular headaches. Progress Report 1989. Rev Neurol (Paris) 145:181–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Afridi S, Goadsby PJ (2003) New onset migraine with a brain stem cavernous angioma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:680–683

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Bonvento G, MacKenzie ET, Edvinsson L (1991) Serotoninergic innervation of the cerebral vasculature: relevance to migraine and ischemia. Brain Res Rev 16:257–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Weinstein M, Stein R, Pollock J (1974) Meningeal branch of the posterior cerebral artery. Neuroradiology 7:129–131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Thanvi B, Munshi SK, Dawson SL et al (2005) Carotid and vertebral artery dissection syndromes. Postgrad Med J 81:383–388

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lanfranchi S, Di Falco M, Perini M et al (2005) Posterior headache as a warning symptom of vertebral dissection: a case report. J Headache Pain 6:478–479

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Tzourio C, Benslamia L, Guillon B et al (2002) Migraine and the risk of cervical artery dissection: a casecontrol study. Neurology 59:435–437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Tzourio C, El Amrani M, Robert L et al (2000) Serum elastase activity is elevated in migraine. Ann Neurol 47:648–651

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, University of Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany

    Zaza Katsarava, Kasja Rabe & Hans-Christoph Diener

Authors
  1. Zaza Katsarava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kasja Rabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hans-Christoph Diener
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zaza Katsarava.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Katsarava, Z., Rabe, K. & Diener, HC. From migraine to stroke. Intern Emerg Med 3 (Suppl 1), 9–16 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-008-0190-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-008-0190-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation