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Données expérimentales et cliniques concernant les mécanismes de l’hyperalgésie postopératoire

Experimental and clinical data for postoperative hyperalgesia mechanisms

  • Article de Synthèse / Synthesis Article
  • Published:
Douleur et Analgésie

Résumé

La survenue d’une douleur postopératoire est une situation qui dépend de facteurs préopératoires, peropératoires et postopératoires précoces. Les facteurs préopératoires sont multiples et se traduisent par une vulnérabilité plus ou moins élevée au développement d’une douleur directement liée à l’agression chirurgicale ainsi qu’à la signification de celle-ci dans un contexte biographique et environnemental déterminé. L’accent a été mis, ces dernières années, sur l’importance de la réduction des influx nociceptifs et la gestion de la douleur postopératoire précoce, pour limiter la probabilité d’une persistance d’une douleur postchirurgicale. Cependant, les facteurs de vulnérabilité préopératoires s’avèrent au moins aussi importants que ceux potentiellement gérables par optimisation de l’analgésie peropératoire et du geste chirurgical. Les données expérimentales vont en effet dans le sens d’une véritable mémorisation d’agressions antérieures, favorisant une hypersensibilité nociceptive ultérieure, phénomène particulièrement évident dans un contexte chirurgical, surtout s’il est posttraumatique ou d’ordre carcinologique, ou mettant en jeu un pronostic fonctionnel. La prise en compte de ces facteurs de vulnérabilité préopératoires incite à développer une véritable stratégie thérapeutique préventive basée sur des médicaments aux propriétés antihyperalgésiques ou à des alternatives non médicamenteuses.

Abstract

The occurrence of chronic postoperative pain depends on multiple factors, before surgery, during surgery and after it. These factors lead to more or less individual vulnerability, directly linked to the surgery itself but also in a given biographic context and determined environment. Recently, emphasis has been put on reducing nociceptive inputs during acute postoperative pain management, to limit the likelihood of chronic postoperative pain. It seems however that surgical vulnerability is as important as pain management for the optimization of surgical analgesia and the quality of the surgical act. Experimental data support the concept of an implicit memory for previous aggression, predisposing to personal nociceptive hypersensitivity, especially in the context of surgery, particularly if it is post-traumatic or carcinologic. Taking these vulnerability factors into account prompts us to develop new antihyperalgesic strategies based on pharmacological and non-pharmacological alternatives used prior to or just after surgery.

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Correspondence to G. Simonnet or G. Mick.

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Simonnet, G., Mick, G. Données expérimentales et cliniques concernant les mécanismes de l’hyperalgésie postopératoire. Douleur analg 22, 6–12 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11724-009-0121-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11724-009-0121-z

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