Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Concentrations and health hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in selected commercial brands of milk

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The concentrations and profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in twenty popular commercial brands of milk in the Nigerian market after saponification with ethanolic KOH and cyclohexane extraction and clean up using a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The concentrations of the Σ16 PAHs in these brands of milk ranged from 15.6 to 1,711.8 μg kg−1. The dominant PAH compounds in these brands of milk were 3-and-4-rings PAHs. The dietary intake of BaP, PAH2, PAH4 and PAH8 were 0–53.9 and 0–369.6 ng kg−1 bw day−1 respectively. Using these indicators for occurrence and effects (BaP, PAH2, PAH4 and PAH8) PAHs in food, the margin of exposure were <10,000 in 15–30 % of the brands.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. I. Martorell, G. Perello, R. Marti-Cid, V. Castell, J.M. Llobet, J.L. Domingo, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in foods and estimated intake by the population of Catalonia, Spain: Temporal trend. Environ. Int. 36, 432–434 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.envint.2010.03.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. L. Muckian, R. Grant, E. Doyle, N. Clipson, Bacterial community structure in soil contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chemosphere 68, 1535–1541 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. G. Tuteja, C. Rout, N.R. Bishnoi, Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in leafy and underground vegetables: a case study around Panipat City, Haryana, India. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4(6), 611–620 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. S. Orecchio, V.P. Ciotti, L. Culotta, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coffee brew samples: analytical method by GC-MS, Profile levels and sources. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47, 819–826 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.01-011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. J.M. Ilobet, G. Falco, A. Bocio, J.L. Domingo, Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through consumption of edible marine species in Catalonia, Spain. J. Food Prot. 69(10), 2493–2499 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  6. P. Visciano, M. Perugini, M. Amorena, A. Janineri, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh and cold smoked Atlantic salmon fillet. J. Food Prot. 69, 1134–1138 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. A. Al-Rashdan, I.H. Murad, A. Helaleh Nisar, Ibtisam, Z. Al-Ballam, Determination of the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Toasted Bread using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Int. J. Anal. Chem. (2010). doi:10.1155/2010/821216

  8. C. Naccari, M. Cristani, F. Giofre, M. Ferrante, L. Siracusa, D. Tombetta, PAHs concentration in heat-treated milk sample. Food Res. Int. 44, 716–724 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.12.029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. N. Aguinaga, N. Campillo, P. Vinas, M. Hernandez-Cordoba, Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk and related products using solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. Acta. 596, 285–290 (2007). doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.06.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. L.V.A. Garcia, L.P. Garcia, V.M. Scussel, S. Resnik, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk powders marketed in Argentina and Brazil. Food Addit. Contam. Part A (2013). doi:10.1080/19440049.2013.810347

  11. M. Del Bubba, L. Zanieri, P. Galvan, G.P. Donzelli, L. Lepri, Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total fats in human milk. Ann. Chim. 95(9–10), 629–641 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  12. H.K. Cho, H.S. Shin, Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and risk assessment for infant formular in Korea. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 21(5), 1329–1334 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. N. Grova, C. Feidt, C. Crepineau, C. Laurent, P.E. Lafargue, A. Hachimi, G. Rychen, Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels in milk collected near potential contamination sources. J. Agr. Food Chem. 50(16), 46640–46642 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  14. N. Kishikawa, M. Wada, N. Kuroda, S. Akiyama, K. Nakashima, Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in milk sample by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. B 789, 257–264 (2003). doi:10.1016/S1570-0232(03)00066-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. European Commission (EC), Regulation No. 1881/2006 of 19th Dec 2006. Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs (2006). http://eurlex.europa.eu/lexUrieserv/LexUrisen.do?=oJ:L:2006:364:0005;0024:EN:PDF

  16. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminant in food chain (Adopted on 9 June 2008). EFSA J. 724, 1–114 (2008). Available from http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa-local-1178620753812-1211902034842.htm/. Accessed 5 Oct 2011

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Miss Helen Sunday for her assistance during sampling and analysis.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria

    Chukwujindu M. A. Iwegbue

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

    Francisca I. Bassey

Authors
  1. Chukwujindu M. A. Iwegbue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Francisca I. Bassey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chukwujindu M. A. Iwegbue.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Iwegbue, C.M.A., Bassey, F.I. Concentrations and health hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in selected commercial brands of milk. Food Measure 7, 177–184 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-013-9153-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-013-9153-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation