Abstract
The splat-based layered structure of thermal spray coatings leads to elastic anisotropy; however, elucidating the anisotropic elastic properties of such coatings is a challenging subject because of the limited sample size and microstructural factors such as high defect level. The objective of this study is to investigate the anisotropic elasticity of the as-sprayed and heat-treated CoNiCrAlY coatings prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying. For this purpose, we measure all five elastic constants accurately using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy with laser Doppler interferometry. This approach realizes the correct mode identification of the measured resonance frequencies, even for coatings with high internal friction by comparing the measured and calculated displacement distributions, providing a precise determination of the elastic constants with inverse calculation. We determined that an oriented array of defects causes a significantly low Young’s modulus along the spraying direction in both the as-sprayed coatings. Our measurements on the heat-treated coatings revealed that thermal treatment makes the APS coating stiffer than the HVOF coating, whereas the stiffness anisotropy of the APS coating remains stronger compared to the HVOF coating, even after heating. This phenomenon is consistently explained by focusing on the oxides in the coatings.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. Waki, T. Kitamura, and A. Kobayashi, Effect of Thermal Treatment on High-Temperature Mechanical Properties Enhancement in LPPS, HVOF, and APS CoNiCrAlY Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18(4), p 500-509
S. Saeidi, K.T. Voisey, and D.G. McCartney, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of VPS and HVOF CoNiCrAlY Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20(6), p 1231-1243
H. Seiner, J. Cizek, P. Sedlak, R. Huang, J. Cupera, I. Dlouhy, and M. Landa, Elastic Moduli and Elastic Anisotropy of Cold Sprayed Metallic Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2016, 291, p 342-347
L. Zhao, M. Parco, and E. Lugscheider, High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Thermal Spraying of a NiCoCrAlY Alloy, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2004, 179, p 272-278
P. Poza and P.S. Grant, Microstructure Evolution of Vacuum Plasma Sprayed CoNiCrAlY Coatings After Heat Treatment and Isothermal Oxidation, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, p 2887-2896
N. Margadant, J. Neuenschwander, S. Stauss, H. Kaps, A. Kulkarni, J. Matejicek, and G. Rossler, Impact of Probing Volume from Different Mechanical Measurement Methods on Elastic Properties of Thermally Sprayed Ni-Based Coatings on a Mesoscopic Scale, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 200, p 2805-2820
Y. Tan, A. Shyam, W.B. Choi, E. Lara-Curzio, and S. Sampath, Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Thermal Spray Coatings Determined via Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy, Acta Mater., 2010, 58, p 5305-5315
P. Sedmak, H. Seiner, P. Sedlak, M. Landa, R. Musalek, and J. Matejicek, Application of Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy to Determine Elastic Constants of Plasma-Sprayed Coatings with High Internal Friction, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2013, 232, p 747-757
T. Lauwagie, K. Lambrinou, S. Patsias, W. Heylen, and J. Vleugels, Resonant-Based Identification of the Elastic Properties of Layered Materials: Application to Air-Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings, NDT and E Int., 2008, 41, p 88-97
W.B. Choi, L. Prchlik, S. Sampath, and A. Gouldstone, Indentation of Metallic and Cermet Thermal Spray Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18(1), p 58-64
G. Di Girolamo, M. Alfano, L. Pagnotta, A. Taurino, J. Zekonyte, and R.J.K. Wood, On the Early Stage Isothermal Oxidation of APS CoNiCrAlY Coatings, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2012, 21(9), p 1989-1997
H. Waki, A. Oikawa, M. Kato, S. Takahashi, Y. Kojima, and F. Ono, Evaluation of the Accuracy of Young’s Moduli of Thermal Barrier Coatings Determined on the Basis of Composite Beam Theory, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2014, 23(8), p 1291-1301
H. Waki, K. Takizawa, M. Kato, and S. Takahashi, Accuracy of Young’s Modulus of Thermal Barrier Coating Layer Determined by Bending Resonance of a Multilayered Specimen, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2016, 25(4), p 684-693
I. Ohno, Free Vibration of a Rectangular Parallelepiped Crystal and its Application to Determination of Elastic Constants of Orthorhombic Crystals, J. Phys. Earth, 1976, 24, p 355-379
A. Migliori, J.L. Sarrao, W.M. Visscher, T.M. Bell, M. Lei, Z. Fisk, and R.G. Leisure, Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopic Techniques for Measurement of the Elastic Moduli of Solids, Phys. B, 1993, 183, p 1-24
J. Maynard, Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy, Phys. Today, 1996, 49(1), p 26-31
H. Ogi, K. Sato, T. Asada, and M. Hirao, Complete Mode Identification for Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2002, 112(6), p 2553-2557
H. Ogi, Y. Kawasaki, M. Hirao, and H. Ledbetter, Acoustic Spectroscopy of Lithium Niobate: Elastic and Piezoelectric coefficients, J. Appl. Phys., 2002, 92, p 2451-2456
H. Ogi, N. Nakamura, K. Sato, M. Hirao, and S. Uda, Elastic, Anelastic, and Piezoelectric Coefficients of Langasite: Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy with Laser-Doppler Interferometry, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control, 2003, 50, p 553-560
H. Ogi, M. Fukunaga, M. Hirao, and H. Ledbetter, Elastic Constants, Internal Friction, and Piezoelectric Coefficient of α-TeO2, Phys. Rev. B, 2004, 69, p 024104
S. Saeidi, K.T. Voisey, and D.G. McCartney, The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Oxidation Behavior of HVOF and VPS CoNiCrAlY Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18(2), p 209-216
Y. Han, H. Chen, D. Gao, G. Yang, B. Liu, Y. Chu, J. Fan, and Y. Gao, Microstructual Evolution of NiCoCrAlHfYSi and NiCoCrAlTaY Coatings Deposited by AC-HVAF and APS, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2017, 26, p 1758-1775
P. Richer, M. Yandouzi, L. Beauvais, and B. Jodoin, Oxidation Behaviour of CoNiCrAlY Bond Coats Produced by Plasma, HVOF and Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 204, p 3962-3974
H.H. Demarest, Jr., Cube-Resonance Method to Determine the Elastic Constants of Solids, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1971, 49, p 768-775
E. Mochizuki, Application of Croup Theory to Free Oscillations of an Anisotropic Rectangular Parallelepiped, J. Phys. Earth, 1987, 35, p 159-170
W. Brandl, D. Toma, J. Kruger, H.J. Grabke, and G. Matthaus, The Oxidation Behavior of HVOF Thermal-Sprayed MCrAlY Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1997, 94–95, p 21-26
S. Guo and Y. Kagawa, Young’s Moduli of Zirconia Top-Coat and Thermally Grown Oxide in a Plasma-Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coating System, Scr. Mater., 2004, 50, p 1401-1406
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank Dr. T. Kuwashima (Iwate Industrial Research Institute) for his valuable contribution to preparation of the CoNiCrAlY coatings.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Adachi, K., Waki, H. Anisotropic Elasticity of APS and HVOF CoNiCrAlY Coatings Studied by Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy with Laser Doppler Interferometry. J Therm Spray Tech 28, 1017–1024 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-019-00878-w
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-019-00878-w